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Resp > 03a: Regulation > Flashcards

03a: Regulation Flashcards

1
Q

Rhythmic firing of neurons controlling respiration can generally modified by:

A
  1. Chemoreceptors, stretch receptors
  2. Immediate chemical environment
  3. Other control centers
  4. Voluntary control
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2
Q

Typical neuron associated with (inspiration/expiration) will show augmenting behavior, aka (X).

A

Inspiration;

X = High AP firing frequency to inspiratory muscles at onset of inspiration, then quickly decreases near end of inspiration

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3
Q

T/F: the phrenic nerve is one that shows augmenting behavior.

A

True

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4
Q

An increase in depth of inspiration can be brought about with which changes in nerve AP?

A
  1. Increase in frequency (steep uprise in slope)
  2. Recruit more fibers/motor units
  3. Longer “burst” duration
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5
Q

Increasing AP “burst” frequency will (increase/decrease) tidal volume, (increase/decrease) respiratory frequency, and (increase/decrease) minute ventilation.

A

Increase, decrease;

Thus, no overall effect on minute ventilation

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6
Q

Transaction of (X) part of brain stem results in respiratory arrest.

A

X = below medulla

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7
Q

List the three major groups of respiratory control center in brain stem.

A
  1. Dorsal resp group (DRG) in solitary tract nucleus
  2. VRG in medulla
  3. Pneumotaxic (PRG) in upper pons
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8
Q

(X) group in respiratory control center acts to produce early cutoff for inspiration.

A

X = pneumotaxic center (pons)

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9
Q

Removing input from pneumotaxic center is similar to removing input from (X). How is respiratory depth and frequency affected?

A

X = vagus

Increase depth, decrease frequency

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10
Q

Apneustic breathing is a result of loss of (X) input. Describe this respiratory pattern.

A

X = both vagal and pontine

Prolonged inspiratory period, interrupted by brief expiratory gasps

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11
Q

Hering-Breuer reflex: (X) receptors, activated by (Y), travel in (Z) to (directly/indirectly) stimulate respiratory (on/off) switch.

A 
X = pulmonary stretch
Y = lung inflation
Z = vagus

Indirectly; off

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12
Q

T/F: there’s a lack of firing of inspiratory neurons during expiration.

A

True and vice versa

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13
Q

The thoughts are that respiratory pacemaker may be located in:

A

Pre-Botzinger complex (rostral portion of VRG)

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14
Q

Respiration: central chemoreceptors detect (X) and peripheral detect (Y) changes in arterial blood.

A 
X = PCO2
Y = PO2, pH
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15
Q

Central chemoreceptors located in (X). And peripheral located in (Y).

A 
X = medulla
Y = carotid and aortic bodies
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16
Q

Effects of gas partial pressures on ventilation are most pronounced when PCO2 (changes/constant) and PO2 (changes/constant).

A

When they both change reciprocally (I.e. One increases while the other decreases)

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17
Q

Plot of Pa(CO2/O2) and ventilation is linear.

A

PaCO2; PO2 less effective at affecting ventilation

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18
Q

As PaCO2 increases, ventilation continues to (increase/decrease) until (X).

A

Increase;

PCO2 around 70-80 mmHg (toxic) decrease ventilation

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19
Q

T/F: inactivating peripheral chemoreceptors has an effect on ventilatory response to PCO2 levels.

A

False - essentially no effect at all!

20
Q

Chronic elevation of PCO2, and thus (X) in immediate chem environment of central chemoreceptors, results in compensatory (increase/decrease) (Y).

A

X = H+
Increase
Y = HCO3-

21
Q

T/F: central chemoreceptors are immune to sensitivity shifts in chronically high PCO2 levels.

A

False

22
Q

T/F: arterial pH changes are not directly capable of affecting central chemoreceptors.

A

True

23
Q

(X) peripheral receptors, in (Y) landmark, are more important than (Z) peripheral receptors as respiratory regulators

A 
X = carotid bodies
Y = bifurcation (common to internal/external carotid)
Z = aortic bodies (on aortic arch)
24
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors are relatively insensitive to changes in O2 level unless there’s (increase/decrease) more than (X)%.

A

Decrease;

X = 10

25
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors: (X) cells have O2-sensitive (Y) channels that (open/close) with decrease in O2.

A

X = Type I Glomus
Y = K
Close (depolarization)

26
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors: which ion’s (influx/outflux) causes release of transmitters and activation of afferent nerves?

A

Ca influx (as result of depolarization)

27
Q

List the lung receptor types that affect ventilation.

A
  1. Stretch (reflex weak in healthy man)
  2. Irritant receptors
  3. J (juxtacapillary) receptors
28
Q

Noxious gases (such as ammonia) activates (X) receptors in lung. The effect of this activation is:

A

X = irritant

Bronchoconstriction and hyperpnea (abnormally deep/rapid breathing)

29
Q

T/F: peripheral chemoreceptors are completely insensitive to PaCO2 changes.

A

False

30
Q

T/F: effect of surfactant is dependent on volume of air in lung.

A

True

31
Q

T/F: effect of surfactant can be duplicated by a detergent.

A

False

32
Q

T/F: hyperventilation affects diffusion rate of gases across alveolar-capillary barrier.

A

True

33
Q

Decrease in surfactant will (increase/decrease/not change) FRC.

A

Decrease (increased recoil force of lungs)

34
Q

T/F: A decrease in surfactant has no effect P(IP).

A

False - PIP more negative (hence, pulmonary edema: greater tendency of fluid being pulled from capillaries)

35
Q

T/F: The end pulmonary capillary PO2 normally equals the PAO2 of the alveoli being
perfused.

A

True

36
Q

T/F: At end inspiration the PAO2 is equal to the inspired PiO2.

A

False - PAO2 always lower due to mixing with alveolar gas that has had O2 removed

37
Q

T/F: In an anemic patient with low Hb, the CO2 content of blood is also affected.

A

True

38
Q

(Increase/decrease) in (H/HCO3) of CSF will increase breathing frequency.

A

Increase in H (potentially as result of) decrease in HCO3

39
Q

High altitude: how are plasma and urine pH affected?

A

Initial rise in both

40
Q

High altitude: arterial PO2 (increases/decreases) and minute ventilation (increases/decreases).

A

Decreases; increases

41
Q

T/F: During normal tidal breathing, airway resistance remains constant.

A

False

42
Q

PIP becomes more (positive/negative) during inspiration if there’s increased airway resistance.

A

Negative

43
Q

T/F: At high altitude, the fraction of O2 in air is decreased.

A

False - fraction stays the same, but atmospheric pressure decreases, so PO2 decreases

44
Q

Dynamic compression can occur in (inspiration/expiration/both).

A

Expiration only (Ppleural exceeds Pairway)

45
Q

T/F: If transport is diffusion-limited, alveolar Pgas will not equal arterial Pgas.

A

True

46
Q

T/F: Since O2 transport is perfusion-limited, increasing perfusion will have no effect on the amount of O2 transported to tissues per unit time.

A

False

Resp (6 decks)

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