14.5 Pathology: Dysplasia carcinoma sequence Flashcards Preview

Week 14- Gastrointestinal tract > 14.5 Pathology: Dysplasia carcinoma sequence > Flashcards

Flashcards in 14.5 Pathology: Dysplasia carcinoma sequence Deck (13)
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1
Q

What are the ‘on/go’ genes?

A

Oncogenes

2
Q

What mutations can occur to alter proto-onco genes?

A

One hit: single mutation

3
Q

How do tumour supressor genes lose function?

A

Two hits (2 mutations have to occur)

4
Q

What are 2 types of pre-malignant lesions?

A

Dysplasia (intraepithelial neoplasis)

Carcinoma in situ

5
Q

What types of cancers are:
Carcinoma
Sarcoma
Lymphoma/leukaemia

A

Malignant:
Carcinoma (epithelium)
Sarcoma (stroma)
Lymphoma (haematopoeitc)

6
Q

What is the definition of a malignant lesion?

A

Cells that breach the basement membrane to invade underlying stroma

7
Q

What can occur as a result of:
Chronic reflux oesophagitis
Chronic atrophic gastritis
Chronic inflammation/smoking

A

Barrett’s oesophagus
Intestinal metaplasia
Squamous metaplasia (lung bronchial epithelium)

8
Q

What types of HPV are involved in high risk types?

A

Types 16 and 18 (severe squamous dysplasia–>carcinoma)

9
Q

What is diagnostic confirmation of severe dysplasia?

A

P16 Upregulation

Ki67 (cell proliferation marker)

10
Q

What is a cellular feature of displasia (e.g. on a pap smear)?

A

Increased nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio

11
Q

How do we distinguish mild/moderate/severe cervical dysplasia?

A

Mild: 1/3rd
Moderate: 2/3rds
Severe: all the way through

12
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus caused by? (what is the increased relative risk)?

A

Chronic reflux oesophagitis (30-60x relative risk)

13
Q

What is special about breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)?

A

No metaplastic precursor