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ENT > 1.6: Pathology > Flashcards

1.6: Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the lining of the outer ear? The middle ear?

A

Outer ear is lined by epidermis (skin)

Middle ear is lined by columnar mucosa

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2
Q

What does this photo show?

A

Organ of Corti

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3
Q

What does this photo show?

Label it?

A

Section of the cochlea
A = Scala Vestibula

B = Scala Tympanic

C = Scala Media

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4
Q

Describe the lining of the nose?

A

Nasal Vestibule = Squamous Epithelium (skin)

Rest of nose = Schniederan Epithelium - identical to Respiratory Epithelium (Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar)

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5
Q

Describe respiratory epithelium?

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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6
Q

Where is Schneideran epithelium found?

A

In the nose (not the nasal vestibule)

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7
Q

Describe the lining of the throat?

A

Top of throat/epiglottis ect is squamous

True vocal chords is squamous

After this it is respiratory epithelium

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8
Q

Describe salivary glands

  • Endocrine or exocrine?
  • Two parts?
  • What colour do they stain?
A

Exocrine gland

They have an ACINAR compartment (produces liquid to secrete into ducts) and DUCTULAR compartment

They stain very darkly

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9
Q

Describe Otitis Media?

A

Very common ear inflammation of the middle ear

Usually viral also can be bacterial (Strep Pneumoniae, Haemophilus Influenzae) etc

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10
Q

Causative agent of chronic otitis media?

A

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

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11
Q

Describe a Cholesteatoma?

A

This is not a tumour but instead a destructive growth of keratinzed squamous epithelium

It is squamous epithelium in the wrong place (should only be seen in the external ear)

Can be seen in any age and is common

Presents with hearing loss and ear discharge

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12
Q

What is cholesteatoma associated with?

A

Chronic otitis media

Perforated ear drum

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13
Q

Describe a vestibular schwannoma?

A

Tumour of the schwann cells that form the sheath of the 8th cranial nerve (Vestibulocochlear)

Usually sporadic and unilateral

Presents as unilateral hearing loss, tinnuitis, possible loss of balance

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14
Q

What does this photo show?

A

Vestibular Schwanomma

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15
Q

If a 14 year old boy presented with bilateral vestibular schwanommas, what would you suspect?

A

NF2 (Neurofibromatosis 2)

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16
Q

Describe NF1?

A

More common

Widespread neurofibromas

Axilary freckling

Cafe au lait spots

Lisch Nodules

17
Q

Describe NF2?

A

More rare

Vestibular schwannoma

Multiple Meningiomas

Gliomas

Cafe au lait spots

18
Q

What gene is mutated in NF1?
In NF2?

How are they inherited?

A

NF1 = Gene 17

NF2 = Gene 22

Autosomal Dominant but can be sporadic mutation

19
Q

Describe Nasal Polyps?

What?

Cause?

Symptoms?

Pain?

A

Very common in adults (not seen in children)

They are swellings of the normal nasal lining and cause stuffy nose, running nose, fullness and pressure in face

Causes are multiple - allergy, infection, asthma, aspirin sensitvity,

They are not painful

20
Q

Describe rhinitis and sinusitis?

A

Blocked, stuffy nose, runny

Can be infectious or allergic (IgE mediated hypersensitivity)

21
Q

Describe Wegener’s Granulomatosis and the nose?

A

Multi-system immune disorder

Causes small vessel vasculitis

Usually seen in white patients over the age of 40

c-ANCA positive

Nasal symptoms include congestion, septum perforation etc

22
Q

Describe nasal tumours?

A

Rare

Mostly bening - respiratory epithelium tumour

Malignant are mainly squamous

Carcinoma is associated with Epstein Barr Virus (EPV)

23
Q

Describe Laryngeal polyps?

A

Uncommon

Reactive change due to vocal cord abuse - shouting/singing/smoking/infection

Nodules = Young women, bilateral

Polyps = Unilateral

24
Q

Describe contact ulcers?

A

Benign response to injury

Often caused by vocal abuse, chronic throat infection or GORD

Break in the epithelum BELOW the basement mebrane = Ulcers

25
Q

Describe Squamous Papillomas?

A

Seen in children under 5 and adults between 20-40

Related to HPV exposure ( 6 and 11)

Aggressive in children

Painless

26
Q

Describe head and neck squamous carcinoma?

A

Related to HPV exposure and smoking

Common

Largely in oropharynx

27
Q

What is sialolithiasis?

A

Salivary gland stones

28
Q

Which is the most common site for a salivary gland tumour?

A

Parotid

29
Q

If a young patient presents with a painful neck lump, consider…?

A

Malignancy

30
Q

What is the most common salivary gland benign tumour?

Describe this?

A

Pleomorphic Adenoma

Usually seen in women over 60

31
Q

What is the most common UK malignancy salivary gland tumour?

A

Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma

32
Q

What is a red flag for salivary gland malignancy?

A

Painful lump in cheek

ENT (17 decks)

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