2012 physiology midterm Flashcards

1
Q

A Subject has total body solutes of 18000 mOsmoles and osmolarity of 300 mOsm/L What’s the osmolarity (mOsm/L) after equilibrium if we infuse 1L of 500 mOsm/L solute intravenously?

a. 320.3
b. 303.2
c. 298.4
d. 280.1
e. 275.5

A

b. 303.2

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2
Q

A molecule is transported along its gradient across the membrane using protein. In this process of being transported, the molecule binds to protein & change its structure. What is the mechanism of transport?

a. Diffusion of gated channel
b. Diffusion of open channel
c. Facilitated Diffusion
d. Primary active transport
e. Secondary active transport

A

c. Facilitated Diffusion

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3
Q

In the stomach lumen, pepsinogen is secreted as an inactive enzyme, if it’s activated in acidic medium and the activated enzyme activates more inactivate pepsinogen.
What mechanism best describes this process?
a. Negative Feedback
b. Positive Feedback
c. Paracrine process
d. Autocrine process
e. Homeostasis

A

b. Positive Feedback

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4
Q
When this parameter increases, the rate of diffusion will decrease across the membrane. Which of the following is the parameter?
Pressure
a. Molecular weight of solutes 
b. Concentration of Solutes 
c. Temperature
A

a. Molecular weight of solutes

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5
Q

How are neurotransmitters released into the chemical synapse?

a. Exocystosis
b. Endocytosis
c. diffusion

A

a. Exocystosis

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6
Q

Concentration of Na Outside the Cell = 9 mM & Inside = 90 mM. What is the membrane potential (mV) if All Channels are open?

A

-61mV

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7
Q

Opening of which channels maintain negative transmembrane electrical potential during cell ischemia?

a. Purinergic channels
b. Nicotinic channels
c. Acetylcholine K Channels
d. ATP channels
e. Slow Na channels

A

a. Purinergic channels

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8
Q

What’s the major function of Smooth ER?

a. Lipids production
b. Making Ribosomes
c. Exocytosis
d. Degradation

A

a. Lipids production

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9
Q

What’s the mechanism of cAMP (response binding protein)?

a. inhibit cAMP
b. 2nd messenger

A

b. 2nd messenger

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10
Q

What’s the osmolarity (mOsm/L) of 4.5% NaCl?

a. 770
b. 1540
c. 2080
d. 3000
e. 3050

A

b. 1540

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11
Q

According to hav’s Noff law, What’s the osmotic pressure (mmHg) of the solution in the prev. Q (osmolarity=1540)?

A

1540 X 19.3 = 29722

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12
Q
Na inside= 10 Na outside= 130
Cl inside= 6 Cl outside= 118
K inside= 140 K outside= 4
What’s the membrane potential when equal amounts of Na & Cl channels are open?
a. 1.6
b. -1.6
c. -5.8
d. 5.8
e. -17.2
A

a. 1.6

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13
Q
Na inside= 10 Na outside= 130
Cl inside= 6 Cl outside= 118
K inside= 140 K outside= 4
If all channels where open, what will be the Membrane Potential (mV)?
a. 1.6
b. -1.6
c. -5.8
d. 5.8
e. -17.2
A

e. -17.2

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14
Q

To what extent does the electrical membrane potential contribute to Na ion influx at the end of the depolarized state of the action potential?

a. 0%
b. 10-50%
c. 50-90%
d. 100%

A

a. 0%

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15
Q

What does stabilize hormone receptor?

A

Heat shock proteins (HSP)

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16
Q

100g put in oven & evaporates. 90g of this substance is left after evaporation. What’s the kind of this substance?

a. Connection
b. Cardiac
c. Liver
d. Muscle
e. Adipose

A

e. Adipose

17
Q

Why is the concentration of Na is higher in plasma than in ISF

A

Because o–ve protein inside the plasma attracts Na+

18
Q

How does an extracellular protein enter the cell?

a. transcytosis
b. receptor-mediated endocytosis
c. receptor-mediated exocytosis

A

b. receptor-mediated endocytosis