2.2 EKG

Question 1

What are the two circulatory circuits? Their functions?

Answer 1

pulmonary and systemic

*same function: gas exchange

Question 2

What need a change in WHAT to get flow? What affects flow rate?

Answer 2

need a change in pressure

*resistance affects flow rate

Question 3

What happens to two vessels if they have the same change in pressure?

Answer 3

the vessels will still be EQUAL

Question 4

what are the 3 main things that affect resistance?

Answer 4

1) viscosity
2) vessel length
3) vessel diameter

Question 5

viscosity

Answer 5

measure of friction between molecules of a flowing fluid

Question 6

vessel length means more? were?

Answer 6

more frictional resistance

*along vessel wall

Question 7

What is most important factor affecting resistance? Why?

Answer 7

diameter because we can change it; causes exponential change

Question 8

What is renals #?

Answer 8

how turbulent blood flow is

*greater the #, greater the turbulence

Question 9

symphathetic release? affect what area of the heart? increase or decreaste rate?

Answer 9

release norepinephrine

• affect all of heart
• ***increase heart rate

Question 10

parasymphathetic release? affect what area of the heart? increase or decreaste rate?

Answer 10

release acetylcholine

• right vegas affects SA and R atrium
• left vegas affects AV node and L atrium
• *** decrease heart rate

Question 11

sequence of excitation?

Answer 11

SA node
atrial internodle pathway
AV node
bundle of His (R and L)
purkingje fibers

Question 12

what are important ions for heart?

Answer 12

Na. K. Cl. Ca

Question 13

What is the normal resting potential for ventricular muscle? for SA node?

Answer 13

vent muscle = -90

SA node= -60 to -70

Question 14

What is pacemaker of heart? why?

Answer 14

SA node; has a lower threshold to meet = pre-potential

Question 15

what does positive and negative chronotrophic effect mean?

Answer 15

\+ = SPEED up; norepinephrine, sym
- = SLOW down, acetylcholine, parasym

Question 16

what does decreasing a delay mean? examples?

Answer 16

to speed something up

• sym speeds up rate and decreases delay
• para slows rate and increases delay

Question 17

vector always points to?

Answer 17

the NEGATIVE, aka area that hasn’t been depolarized

Question 18

where does ventricular and atrial repolarization happen?

Answer 18

ven= T
artrial= R

Question 19

What happens are P?

Answer 19

• atrial depolarization

- repolarization obscured by ventricular depolarization

Question 20

What happens are Q?

Answer 20

• ventricular depolarization

- generally base to apex, but a minor initial negative deflection

Question 21

What happens are R?

Answer 21

• depolarization continues (BULK of it)
• base to apex
• positive deflection
• -repolarization of atrials

Question 22

What happens are S?

Answer 22

-negative deflection at final instant of depolarization

Question 23

What happens are T?

Answer 23

• repolarization of ventricles
• apex to base
• positive deflection

Question 24

repolarization is mainly repsresented by?

Answer 24

T, bulk is +

Question 25

describe 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree blocks?

Answer 25

1- prolonged PR 2- two or more P waves before QRS 3- equidistant QRS, ventricles stimulate themselvesbc no impulse from SA reaches them

Question 26

What does a double peaked R mean?

Answer 26

bundle branch block, independent depolarization of both ventricels

Question 27

3 most common types of premature beats?

Answer 27

1) atrial 2) AV node 3) premature ventricular contraction

Question 28

atrial premature beats?

Answer 28

originate from ectopic focus in atrium, abnormal P wave

Question 29

AV node premature beats?

Answer 29

originate from ectopic focus in AV node, giving an EARLY QRS before P

Question 30

premature ventricular contraction

Answer 30

from ecotpic focus in ventricular muscle, gives an early and Wide QRS (before P)

Question 31

flutter vs fibrillation?

Answer 31

``` flutter= rapid COORDINATED REGULAR contractions; caused by ONE ectopic foci fibrilation= rapid UNcoordinated IRREGULAR contractions; caused by MANY ectopic foci ```

Question 32

atrial flutter

Answer 32

caused by actopic focus in atrium | many P waves and occasional QRS

Question 33

ventricular flutter

Answer 33

ectopic focus in ventricle | *SINE WAVES, severly impacts pumping

Question 34

atrial fibrilation

Answer 34

MANY ectopic foci in atrium at different rates | *See QRS and then chaos, no P wave

Question 35

ventricular fibrillation

Answer 35

MANY ectopic foci in ventircle at different rates | *NO WAVES AT ALL, complete squiggles

Question 36

what is cardiac arrest?

Answer 36

a type of ventricular fibrillation | *need CRP (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)

Question 37

What are the components of CRP?

Answer 37

1) cardiac massage -maintain blood to brain | 2) artificial respiration- oxygenate blood