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Child Health Week 2 2017/18 > 3: Sick Child 1 - Common acute illnesses > Flashcards

3: Sick Child 1 - Common acute illnesses Flashcards

1
Q

Do children have the same diseases as adults?

A

No

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2
Q

Children have (larger / smaller) heads than adults.

A

larger heads

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3
Q

How do children’s airways differ from adults?

A

Larynx is more anterior - more difficult to access

Different respiratory infections e.g bronchiolitis

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4
Q

Children have (faster / slower) heart rates than adults.

A

faster HRs

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5
Q

Children have (faster / slower) respiratory rates than adults.

A

faster

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6
Q

Children have (higher / lower) systolic BPs than adults.

A

lower systolic BPs

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7
Q

Children have (larger / smaller) occipital bones than adults.

A

larger

their heads have larger surfaces areas than when in adulthood

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8
Q

What is the blood volume of a baby in ml/kg?

A

80ml/kg

so a 3kg child will have 240ml of blood

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9
Q

What change occurs with regard to haemoglobin when you are born?

A

Foetal Hb > Adult Hb

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10
Q

What are the three big causes of childhood mortality?

A

INFECTION

Prematurity

Birth trauma / hypoxia

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11
Q

Which continent has the highest child mortality rate?

A

Africa

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12
Q

What respiratory diseases commonly affect children?

A

Bronchiolitis

Croup

Pneumonia

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13
Q

Which GI disease commonly affect children?

A

Gastroenteritis

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14
Q

What are common chronic diseases seen in children?

A

Epilepsy

Asthma

Coeliac / IBD

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15
Q

What complication of infection is the commonest reason for acute illness in children?

A

Sepsis

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16
Q

Any site of infection can develop into what?

A

Sepsis

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17
Q

What is acute inflammation of the bronchioles called?

A

Bronchiolitis

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18
Q

What infectious agent tends to cause bronchiolitis?

A

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

fact from 1st year

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19
Q

How is bronchiolitis treated?

A

No anti-virals for RSV, so SUPPORTIVE:

Oxygen

Anti-inflammatories

Nutrition

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20
Q

What is croup?

A

Infection of larynx, trachea, or upper bronchial tree

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21
Q

What is the classical symptom of croup?

A

Barking cough

22
Q

What is the treatment for croup?

A

Oral steroid

to limit inflammation and avoid need for intubation

23
Q

What is the diagnostic sign of croup on a neck X-ray?

A

Steeple sign

narrowing of pharynx

24
Q

How is aspiration of foreign bodies confirmed?

A

Chest x-ray

PA AND lateral so you’re sure it’s not somewhere else

25
Q

How do children present after aspiration of a foreign body?

A

Acute onset respiratory distress

+/- Cough and haemoptysis

26
Q

Does every child with a wheeze have asthma?

A

No

27
Q

What causes exacerbations of asthma in the

a) summer
b) winter?

A

a) Atopy e.g hayfever

b) Viral infection

28
Q

What infection of the lower respiratory tract commonly affects children?

Which genetic disorder predisposes you to it?

A

Pneumonia

CF

29
Q

What are CNS infections commonly seen in children?

A

Meningitis

Encephalitis

30
Q

Which investigation has a very low threshold for use in children with unexplained septic symptoms?

A

Lumbar puncture

31
Q

What classically appears with meningococcal sepsis?

A

Non-blanching rash

e.g vasculitic, purpuric

32
Q

Which type of rash disappears when pressed on?

A

Viral exanthems

NOT MENINGOCOCCAL RASHES

33
Q

How will parents describe a seizure?

A

“Funny turn”

34
Q

Parents should be advised to take a ___ of their child’s seizure.

A

video

35
Q

What is a febrile seizure?

A

Seizure caused by rapid increase in temperature (e.g in fever) in small children

36
Q

What is a vasovagal episode?

A

“Fainting”

Physiological response to stress (e.g the sight of blood): decrease in heart rate and vasodilation causes syncope

common at all ages

37
Q

What chronic disease causes seizures in children?

A

Epilepsy

38
Q

How are accidents and trauma managed?

A

BLS

basic life support (probs revise this too)

39
Q

What should always be considered in children who present with trauma?

A

Non-accidental injury

40
Q

What physiological problems do burns cause?

A

Skin broken, so:

barrier to infection lost

fluid loss

41
Q

___ of toxic / caustic materials is a common childhood accident.

A

Ingestion

42
Q

Why must you always consider NAI?

A

To protect safety and welfare of the child

43
Q

What is the most common GI disease in children?

A

Viral gastroenteritis

44
Q

How is gastroenteritis managed?

A

Supportive

rehydration therapy (you can make it at home)

45
Q

What GI presentation is caused by congenital bowel problems, volvulus and intussusception?

A

Obstruction

46
Q

Which congenital bowel disease is only seen in children?

A

Pyloric stenosis

47
Q

What is the most common cause of an acute abdomen in older children?

A

Acute appendicitis

48
Q

What GI cause of UTI should be considered in children?

A

Congenitally abnormal renal tracts

e.g fistulae

49
Q

What UG disease should be considered in ill boys?

A

Testicular torsion

50
Q

What are the most common group of cardiovascular diseases seen in kids?

A

Congenital heart diseases

causing cyanosis and heart failure

51
Q

Are arrythmias, MIs and thromboembolic diseases commonly seen in children?

A

No

Child Health Week 2 2017/18 (7 decks)

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