3.2.1 The Causes of Disease: Pathogens, Lifestyle & Disease Flashcards Preview

A-level Biology Oxford AQA > 3.2.1 The Causes of Disease: Pathogens, Lifestyle & Disease > Flashcards

Flashcards in 3.2.1 The Causes of Disease: Pathogens, Lifestyle & Disease Deck (17)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Define Pathogen

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

2
Q

Define Infection

A

When a pathogen enters a host cell and colonises tissues

3
Q

Define Disease

A

Description of symptoms

4
Q

Define Transmission

A

When pathogens are transferred from one individual to another

5
Q

Define Interface

A

Surface or boundary linking the internal environment and the external environment

6
Q

Name the 4 factors that must be present for a microorganism to be considered a pathogen

A
  1. Gain entry to a host
  2. Colonise tissues in host
  3. Resist defences of host
  4. Cause damage to host tissues
7
Q

Name 3 natural defences the body has to prevent the entry of pathogens

A
  • Mucous layer
    • Covers exchange surfaces and forms a sticky barrier that’s difficult to penetrate
  • Produce enzymes
    • Breaks down pathogens
  • Produce stomach acid
    • Kills microorganisms
8
Q

Name ways pathogens gain entry to a host

A
  1. Penetrate one of organism’s interfaces e.g. through a cut/abrasion/bite in the skin
  2. Gas exchange system
  3. Digestive system
  4. Reproductive system
9
Q

Name the 2 main ways pathogens affect the body

A
  • Damaging host tissues
  • By producing toxins
10
Q

What is a correlation?

A

When change in one of 2 variables is reflected by change in other variable

11
Q

What do you need to prove something causes something else (e.g. smoking is the cause of lung cancer)?

A

causal relationship

12
Q

What is a risk?

A

Measure of probability that damage to healthy will occur as a result of given hazard

13
Q

Name the 2 elements of a risk

A
  • Probability hazardous event will occur
  • Consequences of hazardous event
14
Q

Name a genetic factor that increases the risk of cancer

A

Specific inherited alleles

15
Q

Name 2 environmental factors that increases the risk of cancer

A
  • Exposure to radiation
  • Lifestyle
16
Q

Name 5 lifstyle choices that increases the risk of cancer

A
  • Smoking
  • Diet
  • Obesity
  • Physical activity
  • Sunlight
17
Q

Suggest why people with a family history of cancer are at greater risk of cancer than those with no family history of cancer (1)

A

Gene which gives predisposition to cause cancer

Decks in A-level Biology Oxford AQA Class (41):