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Immunology > 4- Antibody Structure and B cell Diversity > Flashcards

4- Antibody Structure and B cell Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

How many different kinds of Ag’s can an Ab bind to?

A

Just 1

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2
Q

What is are the constant and variable regions called of the light chain Fab part of the Ab?

A

CL (Constant Light) and VL (Variable Light)

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3
Q

What is the constant part of the heavy chain called in the Fc region?

A

CH (Constant Heavy)

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4
Q

What are the hypervariable regions of the Ab?

A

They are the different amino acid composition of the variable regions of the variable domains.

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5
Q

What are hypervariable regions also called? Why?

A

Complementarity-determining Regions (CDR’s) because they bind complementary Ag’s.

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6
Q

What are the antigenic determinants/epitopes?

A

They are the part of the Ag that the Ab bins to.

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7
Q

What is formed between the VH and VL chains to bind the Ag?

A

Deep pocket

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8
Q

What is the linear epitope?

A

Ab’s bind to several adjacent sugars and use shallower clefts

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9
Q

What is a discontinuous epitope?

A

When a protein folds, it binds well to an Ab

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10
Q

What type of chemical bond is formed between the Ag and Ab?

A

Noncovalent forces

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11
Q

How are monoclonal Ab’s used clinically?

A

They’re used to block T cell responses and prevent rejection of transplants.

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12
Q

What condition is monoclonal Ab’s used to treat?

A

Non-Hodgkin B cell lymphomas

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13
Q

What does cytometry analyze?

A

Cell populations and the size of cell populations (like the amt of B or T cells)

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14
Q

What is added to the 1 dimensional cytometry plot?

A

monoclonal Ab

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15
Q

When an anti-TCR monoclonal Ab is added to a blood solution for a 1 dimensional cytometry analysis, what peaks occur?

A

1 peak for the lymphocytes that do not bind the Ab (everything except T cells) and the 2nd peak for the T cells that bind the Ab

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16
Q

What is used for the 2 dimensional cytometry plot?

A

2 monoclonal Ab’s

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17
Q

What happens when you add a anti-TCR and anti-IgM monoclonal Ab to a blood solution for a 2 dimensional cytometry analysis?

A

It splits up into 4 quadrants, sepatating the B cells (binding to anti-IgM) from the T cells (bind the anti-TCR) from cells that dont bind either (like NK) and from cells that bind both TCR and IgM (which are no cells)

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18
Q

How is the V (variable) region of the light chain made?

A

It’s made by the combination of one V and one J (joining) segment.

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19
Q

How is the V chain of the heavy chain made?

A

It’s encoded by 1 V, 1 D (diversity), and 1 J segment.

20
Q

How is the C (constant) of the light and heavy chains made?

A

By 1 C gene. That’s it.

21
Q

How do the variable regions of the light chain form by somatic recombination?

A

V and J are cut and spliced together on rearranged DNA

22
Q

How do the variable regions of the heavy chains form by somatic recombination?

A

The D first forms the J (DJ) and then the DJ joins the V region to form the rearranged DNA.

23
Q

What is the recombination signal sequence (RSS)?

A

They are genetic sequences that cut and rejoin DNA during somatic recombination to make sure that the gene segments are joined in the correct order.

24
Q

What are the set of enzymes that are needed to recombine V, D and J segments?

A

V(D)J recombinase

25
Q

Where is V(D)J recombinase found?

A

Lymphocytes

26
Q

What are the complement proteins for V(D)J recombinase?

A

Recombination Activating Gene-1 and 2 (RAG-1 and RAG-2)

27
Q

What would happen if there was a defect in V(D)J recombinase?

A

The B cells couldn’t create Ab’s –> severe immune system defects.

28
Q

What does the enzyme Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) do?

A

It adds random nucleosides to the DNA to diversify the Ab variable region.

29
Q

What is the process of junctional diversity?

A

It contributes P and N nucleotides which adds to the diversity in the 3rd hypervariable region between the D and J segment.

30
Q

How is the IgM and IgD produced in the naive B cell?

A

By differential splicing of the same primary RNA transcript

31
Q

What is allelic exclusion?

A

It means that Ig gene rearrangement is tightly controlled so that only 1 heavy chain and 1 light chain are produced.

32
Q

What is the function of the B-cell receptor (BCR)?

A

It binds a specific antigen and passes it signal inside to cause the B cell to divide and differentiate

33
Q

What is the function of Ig α and Ig β?

A

They tell the intracellular proteins to have the B cell divide and differentiate.

34
Q

How does a B cell begin to produce secreted Ab’s rather than BCR’s?

A

When an Ag binds to the BCR it signals the B cell to secrete Ab’s that bind to the same sequence of the Ag.

35
Q

What is somatic hypermutation?

A

It’s the point mutations throughout the rearranged V regions of the heavy and light chain genes.

36
Q

What is affinity maturation?

A

It’s the increasing affinity of Ab’s for the infecting pathogen as somatic hypermutation occurs.

37
Q

What shape is the IgM on the B cell?

A

Monomeric- Y shaped

38
Q

What shape is the secreted IgM?

A

Pentamer

39
Q

What occurs during isotype switching?

A

In proliferating B cells, there can be recombination of the C genes that enables the rearranged V region to be used with other heavy C chains.

40
Q

What 2 Ab’s have subtypes?

A

IgG (1-4) and IgA (1&2)

41
Q

Which Ab is high in the mucosa?

A

IgA

42
Q

Which Ab is highest in the serum?

A

IgG1

43
Q

Which Ab is produced in the primary immune response?

A

IgM

44
Q

Which Ab is produced in the secondary immune response?

A

IgG

45
Q

Which Ab forms a dimer?

A

IgA

46
Q

How is the IgA dimer formed?

A

It’s formed by 2 monomers being joined by a J chain

47
Q

Where is the dimeric IgA found?

A

Mainly in the lymphoid tissue under mucosal surfaces and in secretions like milk, saliva, sweat and tears.

Immunology (11 decks)

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