4: Uterine cancer Flashcards

1
Q

What are polyps?

A

Abnormal outgrowths of tissue

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2
Q

Which type of polyps commonly appear around the time of menopause?

A

Endometrial polyp

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3
Q

Which symptom can endometrial polyps cause?

A

Bleeding

abnormal uterine bleeding

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4
Q

Which contraceptive can be fitted in menopausal women to control abnormal bleeding?

A

IUS

Mirena coil, secretes progesterone

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5
Q

Most cases of endometrial hyperplasia are idiopathic.

Which hormone can cause it?

A

Oestrogen

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6
Q

Which other structures, found in the endometrium, are affected by hyperplasia as seen during the menopause?

A

Glands

Dilate

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7
Q

What are the three grades of endometrial hyperplasia?

A

Simple

Complex

Atypical (suggestive of neoplasia)

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8
Q

Which type of endometrial hyperplasia has a high risk of progressing to malignancy>

How is it managed?

A

Atypical hyperplasia

Hysterectomy

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9
Q

What is malignant endometrial cancer called?

A

Endometrial carcinoma

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10
Q

What is the typical age of a woman presenting with endometrial carcinoma?

A

50 - 60 years old

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11
Q

Which syndromes predispose a woman to endometrial carcinoma?

A

Polycystic ovarian syndrome

Lynch syndrome (HNPCC)

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12
Q

Which type of hyperplasia is a precursor to endometrial carcinoma?

A

Complex / atypical hyperplasia

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13
Q

Most endometrial carcinomas are ____ in nature.

A

glandular

so adenocarcinomas

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14
Q

What is the presentation of an endometrial carcinoma?

A

Post-menopausal bleeding

which is abnormal

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15
Q

What is the direct cause of the most common form of endometrial carcinoma?

A

Unopposed oestrogen in menopause, malprescribed HRT

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16
Q

Type (I / II) endometrial tumours are the most common.

A

Type I - endometroid; assoc. unopposed oestrogen; 80% of cancers

17
Q

Which lifestyle factor is majorly associated with endometrial and breast cancers?

Why?

A

Obesity

Increased oestrogen production (adipose tissue produces aromatase, which converts androgen to oestrogen in granulosa cells)

18
Q

What management for endometrial cancer cannot be performed on women with a high BMI?

A

Hysterectomy

due to surgical risk factors

19
Q

What is Lynch syndrome also known as?

A

HNPCC

Hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer

20
Q

Which GI syndrome is linked with endometrial cancer?

A

Lynch syndrome / HNPCC

21
Q

Which genetic cancer syndrome is associated with Type II endometrial cancer?

A

Li Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 mutation)

22
Q

(Type I / Type II) endometrial cancer is more aggressive.

A

Type II endometrial cancer

as it’s associated with a genetic cancer syndrome and goes for the peritoneum

23
Q

The deeper into the uterine wall a tumour spreads, the more likely it is to what?

A

Invade blood vessels or lymphatics

24
Q

Where specifically in the peritoneal cavity do Type II endometrial cancers tend to end up?

A

Rectouterine pouch (of Douglas)

25
Q

Apart from endometroid (Type I) and serous (Type II) tumours, what other tumours can be found in the endometrium?

A

Endometrial stromal tumour

Carcinosarcoma

and others which really aren’t worth learning

26
Q

Which tumours can arise in the myometrium?

A

Leiomyo(sarcomas)

27
Q

Uterine leiomyomas are also known as ___.

A

fibroids

lots of people have these

28
Q

What is a malignant form of uterine fibroids?

Where do they arise?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

Myometrium

29
Q

What is HNPCC also known as?

A

Lynch syndrome

30
Q

Which genetic cancer syndromes increases a woman’s likelihood of developing endometrial carcinoma?

A

Lynch syndrome / HNPCC

Li Fraumeni syndrome (TP53 mutation)

Cowden syndrome (PTEN mutation)