5. Haemostasis & Thrombosis Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 5. Haemostasis & Thrombosis Deck (10)
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1
Q

Pulmonary embolism

A

blockage of the main artery of the lung or one of its branches by a substance that has travelled from elsewhere in the body through the bloodstream (embolism).

most commonly results from deep vein thrombosis (a blood clot in the deep veins of the legs or pelvis) that breaks off and migrates to the lung, a process termed venous thromboembolism (VTE).

A small proportion of cases are caused by the embolization of air, fat, or talc in drugs of intravenous drug abusers or amniotic fluid.

The obstruction of the blood flow through the lungs and the resultant pressure on the right ventricle of the heart lead to the symptoms and signs of PE.

The risk of PE is increased in various situations, such as cancer or prolonged bed rest.

2
Q

Air embolism

A

gas embolism

a pathological condition caused by a gas bubble, in a vascular system

3
Q

Fat embolism

A

type of embolism that is often caused by physical trauma such as fracture of long bones, soft tissue trauma, and burns.

4
Q

Haemophilia

A

group of hereditary (recessive X linked) genetic disorders that impair the body’s ability to control blood clotting

Haemophilia A (clotting factor VIII deficiency) is the most common form of the disorder
Haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency)
5
Q

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

A

pathological process characterized by the widespread activation of the clotting cascade that results in the formation of blood clots in the small blood vessels throughout the body.
This leads to compromise of tissue blood flow and can ultimately lead to multiple organ damage.
In addition, as the coagulation process consumes clotting factors and platelets, normal clotting is disrupted and severe bleeding can occur from various sites.

DIC does not occur by itself but only as a complicating factor from another underlying condition, usually in those with a critical illness.

6
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

disorder in which there is a relative decrease of thrombocytes (platelets) present in the blood.

7
Q

Thrombophilia

A

hypercoagulability or a prothrombotic state

an abnormality of blood coagulation that increases the risk of thrombosis (blood clots in blood vessels).

8
Q

Amniotic fluid embolism

A

rare obstetric emergency in which amniotic fluid, fetal cells, hair, or other debris enters the mother’s blood stream via the placental bed of the uterus and trigger an allergic reaction.
This reaction then results in cardiorespiratory collapse and coagulopathy.

9
Q

Bowel infarction

A

results from restricted blood supply to the bowel, most often due to bowel obstruction or occlusion of one of the mesenteric arteries

most often caused by intestinal adhesions, which frequently form after abdominal surgeries, or by chronic infections such as diverticulitis, hepatitis, and inflammatory bowel disease.

Volvulus is a rare but life-threatening cause of bowel infarction which requires immediate medical attention. Central abdominal pain which is resistant to narcotic analgesia may be an indication of bowel infarction.

10
Q

Deep vein thrombosis

A

formation of a blood clot (thrombus) within a deep vein, predominantly in the legs.
Non-specific signs may include pain, swelling, redness, warmness, and engorged superficial veins.

Pulmonary embolism, a potentially life-threatening complication, is caused by the detachment (embolization) of a clot that travels to the lungs. Together, DVT and pulmonary embolism constitute a single disease process known as venous thromboembolism.

interplay of three processes resulting in venous thrombosis - Virchow’s triad: a decreased blood flow rate (venous stasis), increased tendency to clot (hypercoagulability), and changes to the blood vessel wall.

DVT formation typically begins inside the valves of the calf veins, where the blood is relatively oxygen deprived, which activates certain biochemical pathways.