What are protein molecules?
Large molecules made up of chains of amino acids which are folded to produce a specific shape. This enables other molecules to fit into the protein.
Name 2 examples of how proteins are used in the body.
- They are structural components of tissues such a muscles.
- Some hormones (insulin) are proteins.
- Antibodies (part of defence system) are proteins.
- Enzymes (biological catalysts) are proteins.
Name 2 proteins and their functions.
Gamma Globulin Antibody-Part of body’s defence system
Haemoglobin-Transports oxygen
Insulin-Regulates blood glucose levels
What are enzymes?
Biological catalysts which increase the rate of chemical reactions in an organism.
Also, amino acids folded into 3D shape which allows molecules to fit into enzyme.
What do high temperatures do to most enzymes?
Denature/destroy them.
Where are digestive enzymes produced?
From glands in the lining of the gut.
What do digestive enzymes do?
Catalyse the breakdown of large to small molecules that can be absorbed.
What are the three enzymes produced in the digestive system?
Protease, Lipase and Amylase.
What is starch broken down to and by what enzyme?
Sugars by amylase.
What is protein broken down to and by what enzyme?
Amino acids by protease.
What are lipids (fats+oils) broken down to and by what enzyme?
Fatty acids and glycerol by lipase.
What enzyme/s is/are produced in the salivary glands?
Amylase.
What enzyme/s is/are produced in the stomach?
Protease.
What enzyme/s is/are produced in the pancreas?
Amylase, Protease and Lipase.
What enzyme/s is/are produced in the small intestine?
Amylase, Protease and Lipase
Where is bile produced and stored?
Produced in the liver but stored in the gall bladder.
What are the 2 functions of bile?
Neutralise acid to produce alkaline conditions for enzymes.
Emulsify fats to increase SA and enable lipase to work faster.
What are some uses of enzymes in the home?
Detergents may contain:
- Protein-digesting enzymes to break down stains like food and blood
- Fat-digesting enzymes to break down oil and grease stains
What are some uses of enzymes in industry?
- Proteases used to pre-digest protein in baby foods
- Carbohydrases used to convert starch into sugar syrup
- Isomerases used to convert glucose syrupinto fructose syrup which is sweeter. Used in slimming foods in smaller quantities
Name some pros and cons of using enzymes at home/in industry.
Pros: *can be used repeatedly *faster *saves energy (lower temperatures) *made from easily grown microorganisms *many applications *tried and tested *drugs for medicine made easily and on large scale Cons: *some people allergic *often made in expensive fermenter *some dislike them used in food *water soluble so difficult to reclaim from liquid *expensive