(5.1+2) Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in (5.1+2) Antimicrobial Agents Deck (18)
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1
Q

How do the three main types of influenza virus differ from their severity?

A
  • Influenza A: most severe, multi hosts
  • Influenza B: less severe, no animal hosts
  • Influenza C: cold like symptoms
2
Q

Briefly describe the main steps involved in viral replication for the Influenza virus.

A
  1. Binding and absorbing host cell via viral surface glycoproteins
  2. Endocytosis via ATP dependent entry into endosome
  3. H+ follows virus into endosome using M2 ion channel, low pH causing viral to uncoat
  4. RNA synthesis and replication
  5. Viral release requiring Nuraminidase, which prevent adhesion with host cell
3
Q

Suggest 2 groups of antibiotic that target DNA synthesis

A
  • Quinolones (stops DNA replication)

- Trimethoprim (Folic acid antagonist)

4
Q

Suggest a group of antibiotic that targets nuclei acid synthesis.

A

Metronidazole

5
Q

Suggest 3 groups of antibiotic that targets protein synthesis

A
  • Aminoglycoside
  • Macrolides
  • Tetracycline
6
Q

Suggest 2 groups of antibiotic that targets cell wall

A
  • Beta lactam

- Vancomycin

7
Q

A patient with penicillin allergy, what drugs should be avoided?

A
  • Amoxicillin, Methiciline etc

- Others in Beta lactam group: Cephalosporin, Carpenem

8
Q

Suggest two groups of antibiotic that require close drug monitoring and why?

A
  • Aminoglycoside
  • Vancomysin
  • To ensure non-toxic doses
9
Q

Briefly describe the ways bacteria become resistance to antibiotics.

A
  • Intrinsic: genetic mutation

- Extrinsic: Transformation (uptake of naked DNA), Conjugation (uptake of plasmid), Transduction (via bacteriophages)

10
Q

How do Amantadine and Rimantadine act as antiviral agents? Which of these is generally preferred and why?

A
  • M2 ion channel blocker: H+ cannot enter endosome with virus -> without low pH -> virus cannot lose its Nucleocapsid coat
  • Rimantadine is preferred due to less ADRs
11
Q

Suggest two M2 ion channel blockers. And suggest 5 ADRs of these.

A
  • Amantadine & Rimantadine

- GI disturbance, hypotension, insomnia, confusion, dizziness

12
Q

How does Tamiflu act as an antiviral agent?

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor -> virus remain adhered with host cell via surface glycoprotein -> cannot escape to infect other cells

13
Q

Suggest two antiviral agents that interfere with the release of virus from host cell. And suggest 3 ADRs of these

A

Neuraminidase inhibitor

  • Zanamivir
  • Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
  • GI disturbance, headache, epistaxis
14
Q

What viruses can M2 ion channel blockers be used against?

A

Influenza A

15
Q

What viruses can Neuraminidase be used against?

A

Influenza A & B

16
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A
  • Co-infection of subtypes -> recombination of binnding sites -> new strain
17
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A
  • Small genetic mutation of binding site -> accumulation -> new strain
  • e.g. Influenza A & B
18
Q

Suggest three complications of influenza viral infection.

A
  • Sinusitis
  • Bronchitis
  • Pneumonia