5.1.2 Pulmonary

Question 1

functional residual capacity

Answer 1

amount of gas that resides in your lungs when you relax

*can breath in or out from this point

Question 2

total lung capacity

Answer 2

as deep of breath as you can take. the most gas you can hold

Question 3

tital volume

Answer 3

normal amount of gas movement in and out

Question 4

inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 4

volume for gas we hold in reserve for a deeper inspiration effect
*exercise

Question 5

inspiratory capacity

Answer 5

both IRV and TV together!

*basically all the air you can hold minus resting aka FRC

Question 6

expiratory reserve volume

Answer 6

exhaled out as much as we can

*NOTE: still gas in lungs (RV)

Question 7

residual volume

Answer 7

amount of air always in lungs as a safety mechanism
*advantage for us not to exhale everything out bc if you’d completly exhale out you’d collapse lung and its is hard to re-inflate

Question 8

vital capacity

Answer 8

when you exhale gas from total capacity to gone (IRV to RV… or IRV + ERV + RV)

Question 9

forced vital capacity

Answer 9

how fast and hard you exhale out your VP

• max airflow test
• determines restrictive or obstructive diseases (obstructive= airflow; restrictive= probs inflating)

Question 10

What is V,E?

Answer 10

minute volume

• amount of gas expired in one minuate…. TV*frequency
• *SO 600mL and 25 breaths a minute= 15,000 mL/min

Question 11

1) when do you start to find alveoli on airways?

2) when do you terminate into sacs?

Answer 11

1) 17th branch

2) 23 divisions

Question 12

conducting vs respiratory zone?

Answer 12

• conduction= no exchange

* respiratory= gas exchange

Question 13

clinically, V,E or V,A is more important?

Answer 13

V,A

Question 14

descrie V,A?

Answer 14

how much gas is actually making it to alveolar every min

*take how much breath is coming in (TV) minus the amount of air in conducting zone (Deadspace). multiply frequency

Question 15

what is deadspace (DS)?

Answer 15

conducting airways represent anatomic deadspace, no exchange

*unperfused alveoli

Question 16

how do you estimate V,A?

Answer 16

a person’s bodyweight (in pounds) but in mL!

• doesn’t work if obese
• so a 80 pound person= 80 mL= V,A

Question 17

how can breathing be a limiting factor in your life?

Answer 17

when you have a respiratory disease and 60-70% of your oxygen you’re consuming is going toward ventilation

Question 18

normal cost of breathing vs exercise?

Answer 18

normal= >5%
exercise= 30%

Question 19

what does compliance mean?

Answer 19

yielding to pressure

Question 20

in pulmonary compliance, change in pressure leads to cahange in?

Answer 20

change in volume

Question 21

what is pulmonary compliance curve?

Answer 21

shows how lung volume is affected by pressure (think of patients story from class- want somwhere in middle)

Question 22

what is transpulmenary pressure?

Answer 22

difference in trachea minus intrapleural pressure

*just think of it as intrapleural pressure

Question 23

what is pulmonary compliance?

Answer 23

the change in volume due to a given change in pressure
= V/P
= 1/ER

Question 24

pulmonary compliance is inversely related to?

Answer 24

1) elastic recoil

2) stiffness

Question 25

high/low compliance in relation to stiffness?

Answer 25

* high com= low stiff | * low PC = high stiff

Question 26

elastic recoil potential is used for?

Answer 26

passive expiration

Question 27

describe low curve of Pul Compliance? | ***must know all 3

Answer 27

- down and too the right - high ER, stiff lung - struggle to inspire

Question 28

describe high curve of Pul Compliance? | **** must know all 4

Answer 28

- up and to the left - small change in pressure causes large volume change - low elastic recoil, NOT stiff - hard to expire

Question 29

what are the two primary components to ER?

Answer 29

1) connective tissue | 2) surface tension

Question 30

the more alveoli expansions, the more?

Answer 30

ER it has | *connective tissue involved

Question 31

what does all fibrosis have in common?

Answer 31

inappropriate development of fibrotic starlike tissue in the small airways across the alveoli *inappropriate proliferation of inelastic scar tissue

Question 32

fibrosis | ***

Answer 32

- increased CT and ER - decreased compliance - difficult to expand alveoli due to thick walls, hard to breath in

Question 33

emphysema | *****

Answer 33

- decreased CT and ER - increased complience - breakdown of CT, causes thin walls - easy to inflat but difficult to breath out

Question 34

why is it important to have a lot of neutrophil elastase in lining of lung?

Answer 34

defense against invading pathways entering via airway

Question 35

why is it important to have a lot of alpha 1-antitrypsin in lining of lung?

Answer 35

* stops and regulates the activity of neutrophil elastase | * bc we don't want neut. elastase breaking down lining of lungs

Question 36

________ disease is commonly associated with smoking

Answer 36

emphysema

Question 37

emphysema is commonly associated with smoking, but can come naturally from?

Answer 37

a deficiency of alpha 1-antitrypsin

Question 38

smoking inhibits?

Answer 38

alpha 1-antitrypsin, so it allows neutrophils elastase to break down walls

Question 39

all alveoli have a thin layer of?

Answer 39

water | *water likes to cling to itself (surface tension)

Question 40

everytime we take a breath, we have to break?

Answer 40

surface tension (break water bonds)

Question 41

of the two major components of ER (CT and surface tension) which exerts a greater effect on ER?

Answer 41

surface tension!

Question 42

explain why surface tension exerts the greatest affect on ER? **** look at notes to see graph

Answer 42

inflate with water and you don't have to break surface tension. So you KNOW you're only measureing how much expansion is due to CT * you can see on graph that a lot less volume is due to CT by filling with saline * and a lot more volume is due to breaking surface tension by filling with air

Question 43

what is pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 43

* a complex protein/lipid molecule * it is made and secreted in a mature lung to decrease the surface tension of water * therefore, it decreases and normalizes pulmonary compliance

Question 44

alveolar type 2 cells make?

Answer 44

pulmonary surfactant | *starts making it around 4th month of gestation, but is NOT FUNCTIONAL until 7th month

Question 45

when is pulmonary surfactant made?

Answer 45

alveolar type 2 cells making it around 4th month of gestation, but is NOT FUNCTIONAL until 7th month * EVEN then it is NOT enough until the 36-37th week of pregnancy for both quantitiy and quality * Bovine and pig surfactant is used in premie babies

Question 46

IRDS?

Answer 46

infant respiratory distress syndrome | **Bovine and pig surfactant treatments are used in premie babies and cut mortality in half