7.1 Dealing with toxins Flashcards Preview

Semester 3- GI > 7.1 Dealing with toxins > Flashcards

Flashcards in 7.1 Dealing with toxins Deck (19)
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1
Q

Explain how sight is used as a physical defence for ingesting toxins

A

If something looks bad we will not ingest it

2
Q

Explain how smell is used as a physical defence for ingesting toxins

A

If something smells bad we will not ingest it

3
Q

Explain how memory is used as a physical defence for ingesting toxins

A

If we remember that something caused us harm or tasted bad before we will not ingest it again

4
Q

How does saliva protect against toxins?

A

Washes toxins into stomach, contains some immune defences to kill bacteria

5
Q

What is the name of the condition where not enough saliva is produced?

A

Xerostomia

6
Q

How does stomach aid with removing toxins from the body?

A

Stomach acid kills bacteria to sterilise chyme

Stomach mucosa stops toxins from damaging the endothelium

7
Q

Name 2 viruses that are not affected by stomach acid

A

Coxsackie
Polio
Hepatits A

8
Q

Name 2 bacteria that are not affected by stomach acid

A

H. pylori

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

9
Q

How does the small intestine deal with toxins?

A
Bile
Proteolytic enzymes
Anaerobic environment
Rapid transport
Lack of nutrients for pathogens
10
Q

How does the colon deal with toxins?

A

Anaerobic environment

Mucous layer

11
Q

List 5 cells which are part of the innate defecnce against toxins

A
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Eosinophils
Mast cells
Basophils
12
Q

Where does the gut capillary system go to?

A

Portal venous system

13
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A

Specialised macrophage cells which line liver lobules to remove bacteria

14
Q

What toxins can accumulate in liver failure?

A

More at risk to bacterial or fungal infections
More at risk to toxins, drugs and alcohol
Ammonia may accumulate- hepatic encephalopathy

15
Q

How can cirrhosis lead to an increased risk of infections?

A

Portal venous hypertension shunts blood (and toxins) from the gut to the systemic circulation.

16
Q

How do B lymphocytes protect against toxins?

A

Produce antibodies IgA and IgE that are effective against extracellular microbes

17
Q

What is GALT?

A

Gut associated lymphoid tissue

18
Q

Where is nodular GALT found?

A

Tonsils, Peyer’s patches, appendix

19
Q

List 3 causes of an appendicitis

A

Faecolith
Worm infection
Lymphoid hyperplasia