8: Anatomy - Urinary incontinence and prolapse Flashcards

1
Q

What separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum?

A

Pelvic floor

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2
Q

What structures make up the pelvic floor?

A

Pelvic diaphragm

Perineal muscles

Perineal membrane

all in the urogenital triangle

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3
Q

What are the two muscle groups found in the pelvic floor?

A

Levator ani

Coccygeus

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4
Q

What is the gap between the levator ani muscles called?

What is contained within it?

A

Urogenital hiatus

Urethra (males and females) and vagina (in females)

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5
Q

What is the innermost levator ani muscle?

What does it enclose?

A

Puborectalis

Rectum

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6
Q

What are the three levator ani muscles?

A

Puborectalis

Pubococcygeus (to anococcygeal ligament, not a true sling)

Iliococcygeus

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7
Q

The levator ani muscles are (contracted / relaxed) by default.

A

contracted

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8
Q

Which somatic motor nerves supply the

a) superior
b) inferior

aspects of the levator ani muscles?

A

a) Nerve to levator ani S3-5

b) Pudendal nerve S2-4

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9
Q

Which lateral rotator of the hip is iliococcygeus closely related to?

A

Obturator internus

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10
Q

In what fascia does the neurovasculature of the pelvis descend?

A

Endopelvic fascia

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11
Q

What structures hold the pelvic organs in place?

Can you give an example?

A

Pelvic ligaments

Uterosacral ligaments

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12
Q

Which pouch is covered superiorly by the levator ani and inferiorly by the perineal membrane?

A

Deep perineal pouch

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13
Q

Which muscle, found in the male and female, is found in the deep urethral pouch and attaches to the external urethral sphincter?

A

Compressor urethrae

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14
Q

Which muscle is found posteriorly in the deep perineal pouch but is only named in males?

A

Deep transverse perineal muscle

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15
Q

Which glands are found within the deep transverse perineal muscle in males?

A

Bulbourethral glands / Cowper’s glands

produce lubricant

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16
Q

Which deep gluteal muscle is the iliococcygeus muscle closely related to?

A

Obturator internus

17
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

What female gland are they homologous to?

A

Secrete lubricant and alkali amongst other things into the semen to improve chances of fertilisation

Bartholin’s glands / Greater vestibular glands

18
Q

Which veins are contained in the deep perineal pouch?

A

Dorsal veins of the penis / clitoris

19
Q

What are the contents of the deep perineal pouch?

A

In both sexes:

urethra, external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae, fat, dorsal veins

In males:

+ deep transverse perineal muscle and bulbourethral glands

In females:

+ vagina

20
Q

Which lower limb muscles are closely related to the pelvic diaphragm muscles?

A

Obturator internus

Piriformis

remember these form the lateral walls of the pelvic cavity

21
Q

In which space is the root of the penis found in males?

A

Superficial perineal pouch

22
Q

The superficial perineal pouch contains the ___ of the penis in males.

A

root of the penis

23
Q

What are the two parts of the root of the penis?

A

Bulb

Crura

24
Q

Which structure develops from the bulb of the penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum

25
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus spongiosum?

A

Transmits spongy urethra

26
Q

Which structures develop from the two crura of the penis?

A

Corpus cavernosa

27
Q

What does crura mean?

A

Leg

So the penis has two legs –> corpus cavernosum(s?)

28
Q

What is the purpose of the corpus cavernosum?

A

Fill with blood during erection

29
Q

What are the muscles associated with urination and ejaculation in males?

A

Bulbospongiosus x1

Ischiocavernosus x2

named for what they attach to

30
Q

What are the three erector muscles found in the superficial perineal pouch in males?

A

Bulbospongiosus x1

Ischiocavernosus x2

31
Q

Which perineal muscle is found in the superficial perineal pouch in both males and females?

A

Superficial transverse perineal muscle

Remember the deep muscle is only found in males, in the deep perineal pouch

32
Q

Which nerve innervates the erector muscles in the male?

A

Internal pudendal nerve

33
Q

What are the greater vestibular glands in females also known as?

Where are they found?

A

Bartholin’s glands

Superficial perineal pouch

34
Q

In which perineal pouch are the Bartholin’s glands found?

A

Superficial perineal pouch

35
Q

What is the function of Bartholin’s glands?

Which male glands are they homologous to?

A

Secrete lubricant into the vagina

Bulbourethral / Cowper’s glands

36
Q

The deep transverse perineal muscle is found in (males / females).

The superficial transverse perineal muscle is found in (males / females).

A

deep transverse perineal - males only, deep perineal pouch

superficial transverse perineal - both, superficial perineal pouch

37
Q

Which structures help to maintain urinary continence?

A

a) Levator ani, external urethral sphincter, compressor urethrae (+ prostate gland in males)

38
Q

Which levator ani muscle controls faecal continence?

A

Puborectalis

39
Q

What are some different types of pelvic prolapse in women?

A

Vaginal

Uterine

Bladder (Cystocele)

Rectum (Rectocele)

Peritoneal (Enterocele)