9 Neoplasm 2 Flashcards Preview

Semester 2- MoD > 9 Neoplasm 2 > Flashcards

Flashcards in 9 Neoplasm 2 Deck (16)
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0
Q

What must malignant cells do to invade another site?

A

Grow and invade a primary site
Enter a transport system
Grow at a secondary site
Avoid destruction by immune cells

1
Q

What does the spread of neoplasms result in?

A

An increased tumour burden

2
Q

How must a cell change to be able to metastasise?

A

Altered adhesion
Stromal proteolysis
Motility

3
Q

What is the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)?

A

Carcinoma cells change to have a phenotype more like a mesenchymal cell than a epithelial cell

4
Q

How does adhesion change in a carcinoma cell?

A

E-cadherin expression is reduced

5
Q

How does proteolysis alter a carcinoma cell?

A

The cells must degrade basement membrane and stroma to invade. Protease expression is altered

6
Q

What alterations in motility does a carcinoma cell go through?

A

Changes in the actin skeleton

7
Q

What is present in a cancer niche?

A

Fibroblasts, endothelial cells, inflammatory cells, stroma

8
Q

How do malignant cells travel around the body?

A

Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Fluid in body cavities eg. pleura, peritoneal, pericardial

9
Q

What is the name for a clinically undetectable tumour?

A

Micrometastases

10
Q

Why are micrometasases dangerous?

A

A apparant disease free patient may have tumour dormancy. The patient will relapse.

11
Q

What does the site of the secondary tumour depend on?

A

Regional drainage of blood, lymph or coelomic fluid

Favourable cancer niche (seed and soil affect)

12
Q

Where are common sites of blood-born metastases?

A

Lung
Bone
Liver
Brain

13
Q

What is the likelihood of metastasis based on?

A

The size of the primary tumour

14
Q

What does an increased tumour burden result in?

A

Reduced appetite, Weight loss, Malaise, Immunosuppression, Thrombosis

15
Q

Why can endocrine tumours sometimes produce their own hormones?

A

They are well-differentiated