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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Test 4 (Nervous System) > Flashcards

A&P Test 4 (Nervous System) Flashcards

1
Q

cervical enlargement

A

due to nerves exiting the spinal cord and going to the arms

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2
Q

lumbar enlargement

A

due to nerves exiting the spinal cord and going to the legs

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3
Q

How many pairs of nerves are there?

A

31 total pairs

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4
Q

medullary cone

A

region where spinal cord tapers off

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5
Q

cauda equina

A

looks like horse hair

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6
Q

terminal filum

A

connective tissue that covers the spinal cord and holds it taught.

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7
Q

Meninges

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

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8
Q

dura mater

A

outer most layer, tough. Has epidural space - the space between the brain and the skull

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9
Q

arachnoid mater

A

middle layer, thin. have arachnoid traebeculi and granulations. Follows the contours of the brain very closely.

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10
Q

pia mater

A

inner mod flayer, attached to the nerve tissues

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11
Q

3 functions of the spinal cord

A

conduction, locomotion, and reflexes

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12
Q

spinal cord conduction

A

bundles of fibers (axons) pass info up and down

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13
Q

spinal cord locomotion

A

repetitive, coordinated actions of muscle groups

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14
Q

spinal cord reflexes

A

involuntary, stereotyped responses to stimuli (always the exact same)

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15
Q

S.C. ventral horn

A

larger than dorsal horn and where motor info exits

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16
Q

S.C. dorsal horn

A

smaller than ventral horn and where sensory info enters

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17
Q

S.C. white matter

A

full of myelinated axons

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18
Q

S.C. gray matter

A

has cell bodies and glial cells (NO AXONS)

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19
Q

S.C. nissl bodies

A

rough part of neuron w/ ribosomes (makes it dark)

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20
Q

S.C. central canal

A

hole down middle of the spinal cord, lined with ependygal cells

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21
Q

Spinal Tracts

A

Ascending (sensory info moving up) and Descending (motor info moving down)

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22
Q

decussations

A

an area where axons cross over (in medulla oblongata) particullary in the medulla pyramid where thousands cross. This is why the L side of our body is controlled by the R side of our brain

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23
Q

Contralatteral

A

nerves enter spinal cord and immediately cross over

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24
Q

ipsilateral

A

nerve stays on the same side of the body until it reaches the medulla.

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25
Q

Nomenclature of Spinal Tracts

A

1st part is origin, 2nd part is destination

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26
Q

CNS Ascending Pathway 1

A

involves deep touch, vibrations, limb movements, and positioning (propriorecption). The fascicles gracilius and cutaeneous carry the signals from legs and arms/neck (decussation in 2nd order of medulla)

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27
Q

CNS Ascending Pathway 2

A

spinothalymic tract; pain, pressure, temp, light touch, tickle, and itch (decussation in spinal cord)

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28
Q

Afferent Peripheral NS

A

sensory divisions, carries signals from receptors to the CNS (somatic = skin, muscles, bones, and joints) and (visceral = organs)

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29
Q

Efferent Peripheral NS

A

motor division carries signals from the CNS to the effectors

somatic = skeletal muscles) and (visceral = cardiac, smooth and glands

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30
Q

mixed nerves in PNS

A

carry sensory info up and motor info down (very common)

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31
Q

3 layers of the PNS

A

epineurium (outer most, covers whole nerve), perineurium (middle, covers axon cluster), and endonerium (inner, covers individual axons)

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32
Q

Ganglia in the Peripheral NS

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies, sensory nerves go up thru dorsal root ganglia (no synapsing), autonomic ganglia contains the synapse and pre ganglionic fibers

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33
Q

Spinal Nerve Plexus

A

areas where lots of nerves cross and mix up

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34
Q

phrenic SNP

A

cervical plexus in diaphragm (C1-C5)

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35
Q

median SNP

A

center of palm, gives us carpal tunnel (C6-T1)

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36
Q

ulnar PNS

A

funny bone, shakes pinky and ring finger (C6-T1)

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37
Q

radial PNS

A

controls radial forearm muscles (C6-T1)

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38
Q

femoral PNS

A

BIG, supplies leg with blood (L1-L4)

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39
Q

sciatic PNS

A

largest nerve in the body (L4-S4)

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40
Q

pudendal

A

goes to reproductive organs (L4-S4)

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41
Q

dermatone

A

area ok skin that sends sensory info to the spinal cord, the edges of a dermatome overlap up to 50%

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42
Q

reflexes

A

quick, involuntary stereotyped reactions of glands/muscles. (it is an autonomic response to sensory info)

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43
Q

Functions of Reflexes

A

stimulation of receptors, afferent fibers carry signals to spinal cord, interneurons integrate the info, efferent fibers carry impulses to effectors

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44
Q

Stages of the Reflex Arc

A

central canal lined by epyendimal, white matter is myelinated axons moving up and down, info into dorsal and out of ventral, all synapses occur in the gray matter (tons of neurons)

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45
Q

The stretch reflex

A

when a muscle is stretched, it contracts and maintains in increased tone (helps with posture)

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46
Q

reciprocal inhibition

A

prevents muscles from working against each other

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47
Q

muscle spindles

A

sense organs that monitor length of the skeletal muscles. highly modified muscle cells. instead of lots of myofibrils, only a few that send all of the signals

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48
Q

Steps of the Patellar tendon reflex

A

muscle stretches, muscle spindle stimulated, afferent neuron is excited, afferent neuron stimulates motor neuron to extensor,extensor muscles contract, afferent neuron sends inhibitory signals, interneuron inhibits motor neuron and flexor

49
Q

withdrawl reflex

A

step on something sharp, afferent signal goes in, synapse to motor neuron and causes you to lift your leg, hamstring fires and quad relaxes

50
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

efferent (motor) fibers only, operates w/o conscious instruction, supplies cardiac and smooth muscles/glands

51
Q

sympathetic division of autonomic NS

A

tends to arouse (release NE)

52
Q

parasympathetic division of autonomic NS

A

tends to calm (releases ACe)

53
Q

visceral reflexes

A

receptors detect stimuli to stretch

54
Q

barorecpetors

A

detect blood pressure, CN IX sends signals to medulla and CN X sends signals to the heart

55
Q

Autonomic NS and its 2 neurons

A

send from CNS to to effectors thru 2 neurons: presynaptic and postsynaptic. It modifies the effector instead of causing something to happen

56
Q

presynaptic neurons

A

cell body in brain or spinal cord

57
Q

postsynaptic neurons

A

cell bodies in peripheral ganglion

58
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

the origin of presynaptic neurons in the gray matter of the thoracic and lumbar spines (T1-L2)

59
Q

sympathetic chain ganglion

A

pathways of preganglionic fibers, enters the ganglion and synapse then travels to higher and lower ganglia for synapsing. Doesn’t synapse in chain, but reaches the collateral ganglia.

60
Q

adrenal glands

A

sits on top of the kidneys and has 2 components: cortex and medulla

61
Q

cortex of the adrenal gland

A

secretes steroids and hormones

62
Q

medulla of adrenal gland

A

modifies sympathetic ganglion (85% epinephrine, 15% norepinephrine) secretes chemicals into neurotransmitters which get into our blood and spread out every where.

63
Q

7 responses to increased sympathetic activity

A

heightened mental alterness, increased metabolic rate, reduced digestive and urinary function, energy reserves activated, increased reparatory rate, increased heart rate and B.P. and sweat glands activated

64
Q

origins of Parasympathetic N.S.

A

pons and medulla oblongata (C.N. nuclei), sacral spinal cord (S2-S4)

65
Q

Pathways of Parasympathetic N.S.

A

CN III (cardiac), CN VII (pulmonary), CN IX (esophagael), CN X (abdominal aeortic)

66
Q

Responses of Parasympathetic N.S.

A

decreased: metabolic rate, heart rate, and B.P.
increased: salivary and digestive glands, motility and blood flow.
urination and defecation stimulation

67
Q

2 types of Neurotransmitters

A

cholinergic: secretes ACh; adrenergic: secretes NE (neropinephrine)

68
Q

Receptor Pharmacology

A

specific receptors can be blocked or stimulated by specific drugs; Alpha and Beta blockers: control B.P. and heart rate; Albuterol: beta stimulate (inhalers); Atropine: muscarinic blockers (contraction and dilation of eyes)

69
Q

Dual Innervation

A

2 divisions work against each other, one arises and the other calms. Cooperation effects when both work together (saliva) PNS = serous cell secretion, SNS = mucous cell secretion

70
Q

things w/o dual innervation

A

adrenal medulla, arrestor pili, sweat glands, blood vessels (sympathetic only)

71
Q

Brain

A

weighs 3-3.5 pounds, major parts are brain stem, cerebrum, and cerebellum. cerebrum is 83% of brain volume, cerebellum is 50% of neurons

72
Q

meninges of dura mater

A

outer periosteal layer, inner meningeal layer, dural venous sinuses, dural hemorrhages

73
Q

outer periosteal layer

A

next to the brain (near bone)

74
Q

inner meningeal layer

A

closer to arachnoid (near brain)

75
Q

dural venous sinuses

A

spots where periosteal and inner meningeals are not connected (biggest sinus is the saggital sinus that splits the brain in half

76
Q

dural hemorrhages

A

epidural (broken arteries in periosteal causes bleeding and puts pressure on skull) subdural (lower pressure and fluid moves to arachnoid)

77
Q

arachnoid maer

A

little strands sink down and attach to the pia mater (traebeculi) it also holds our cerebrospinal fluid and follows the brain very closelsy

78
Q

Ventricles

A

lateral ventricles, thrid ventricle, cerebral aqueduct, fourth ventricle, central canal. All are lined with ependymal cells and contain CSF

79
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

clear fluid fills the ventricles and canals in subarachnoid space.

80
Q

choroid plexus

A

region in ventricles where CSF is created, blood comes in, crosses pia mater thru chord epithelium

81
Q

3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid

A

buoyancy: helps the brain float so it doesn’t squish; protection: helps prevent concussions by dampening the blow; chemical stability: constantly changing environment with ions in and out. Escapes through the fourth ventricle into subarachnoid space and is then moved by granulations into dura venous sinuses

82
Q

endotheleum

A

subsquamous lining thats permeable to lipid soluble materials (alcohols, oxygen, carbon dioxide, caffine, nicotene, and anesthetics)

83
Q

medulla oblongata

A

cardiac center (clusters of neurons that regulate heart rate) and vasomotor center (regulates blood vessel contraction and dilation). Has axons that go up and down and is the reflex center for sneezing, coughing, swallowing, vomitting, sweating, and movements of the head and tongue

84
Q

pons

A

similar to medulla but controls respiratory and bridges to cerebellum

85
Q

cerebellum

A

white mater on inside called arbor vitae (tree of life), and sits onto of 4th ventricle

86
Q

cerebellum input

A

controls vision, audio, balance, reticular, and motor info

87
Q

cerebellum output

A

goes to brain and then splits into medulla or pons

88
Q

functions of cerebellum

A

smoothes muscle contractions, maintains muscle tone/posture. coordinates different joints and aides in motor skills, eye movements. (Gives us muscle memory)

89
Q

midbrain

A

oculomotor nucleus, substantia nigra, cerebral peduncles, tegmentum

90
Q

oculomotor nucleus

A

CRN III - eye movments

91
Q

substantia nigra

A

sends inhibitory signals to basal nuclei and thalamus (runs out of dopamine)

92
Q

cerebral peduncles

A

holds corticospinal tract

93
Q

tegmentum

A

connects to cerebellum and helps control movements

94
Q

superior colliculi

A

contains neuron cell bodies so we can see out of the corner of our eyes, if something moves its due to synapse of superior colliculi

95
Q

inferior colliculi

A

turn your head when you hear something due to synapse of inferior colliculi

96
Q

Reticular Formation

A

clusters of gray matter, regulates balance and posture, includes cardiac and vasomotor centers, analgesic (pain) pathways, regulates sleep, conscious attention, and fatigue

97
Q

thalamus

A

oval masses of gray matter; almost all sensory matter goes here first, its a relay station and is interconnected to limbic system (emotion and memory)

98
Q

hypothalamus

A

looted on walls and floor of the third ventricle, FUNCTIONS: hormone secretion, autonomic N.S. control, thermoregulation, food and water intake, sleep and circadian rhythms, memory, and emotional behavior

99
Q

epithalamus

A

(pineal gland) helps secrete melatonin, no output, helps fish recognize day/season and helps us with circadian

100
Q

cerebrum

A

big parts of brains (all of the lobes)

101
Q

frontal lobe

A

voluntary motor functions (planning, mood, smell, social judgements)

102
Q

parietal lobe

A

areas for sensory reception and integration of sensory info

103
Q

occipital lobe

A

visual center of brain

104
Q

temporal lobe

A

areas of hearing, smell, learning, memory, emotions

105
Q

insula

A

emotionally relevant context for sensory info, desires and cravings

106
Q

tracts of cerebral white matter

A

cerebral cortex, projection tracts, association tracts, and commisural tracts

107
Q

cerebral cortex

A

gray matter all around outside (cell bodies and glial cells).
white matter is full of axons (unmyelinated) axons take 1 of 3 tracts

108
Q

projections tracts

A

allow info to go up and down within the brain

109
Q

association tracts

A

allows info to go from lobe to lobe within the same hemisphere of the brain

110
Q

commisural tracts

A

allows info to go from left side to right side of the brain

111
Q

basal nuclei

A

clusters of cell bodies in cerebrum white matter that helps control muscle movements. receives input from substantial nigra and motor cortex, involved in motor controls and inhibits tremors

112
Q

limbic system

A

loops of cortical structures surrounding the deep brain

113
Q

things that limbic system affects

A

amygdala (emotions), hippocampus (memory), fornix, and cingulate gyrus

114
Q

somesthetic sensation

A

precentral - frontal lobe
postcentral - parietal lobe
both help with muscle control

115
Q

homunculus

A

area of cortex dedicated to sensations of various body parts and is proportional to how sensitive each body part is

116
Q

somesthetic association

A

(parietal) position of limbs, location of touch or pain, shape, weight, and texture

117
Q

visual association

A

(occipital) identify the things we see

118
Q

auditory association

A

(temporal) remember names of songs, recognize people by their voices

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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