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OAT Ochem Kaplan > Acids + Bases > Flashcards

Flashcards in Acids + Bases Deck (36)
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1
Q

The Lewis definition concerns itself with the

A

Transfer of electrons

2
Q

The Brønsted–Lowry definition focuses on

A

Proton transfer

3
Q

An acid–base reaction will only proceed if the products that will be formed are

A

Weaker than the original reactants

4
Q

Lewis acids tend to be

A

Electrophiles

5
Q

Lewis acids have

A

Vacant p-orbitals

6
Q

A Lewis base is defined as an

A

Electron donor

7
Q

Ka is given by

A

Ka = [H][A-] / [HA]

8
Q

How is the pKa of strongly acidic molecules?

A

Super small / negative

9
Q

How is the pKA for basic molecules?

A

Large

10
Q

Which pKa values are considered as strong?

A

Acids with a pK below –2

11
Q

Weak organic acids often have pKa values between

A

-2 and -20

12
Q

The more electronegative an atom, the

A

Higher the acidity

13
Q

Which are the main functional groups that act as bases?

A

Amines and amides

14
Q

Nucleophiles are defined as

A

“nucleus-loving” species with either lone pairs or π

bonds that can form new bonds to electrophiles

15
Q

Good nucleophiles tend to be

A

Good bases

16
Q

Nucleophilicity is determined by:

A
  • Charge
  • Electronegativity
  • Steric Hinderance
  • Solvent
17
Q

Nucleophilicity increases with

A

Increasing electron / negative charge

18
Q

Nucleophilicity decreases as

A

Electronegativity increases

19
Q

In polar protic solvents, nucleophilicity increases

A

Down the periodic table

20
Q

In polar aprotic solvents, nucleophilicity increases

A

Up the periodic table

21
Q

What are leaving groups?

A

The molecular fragments that retain the electrons after

heterolysis

22
Q

What make good leaving groups?

A

Weak bases, like conjugate bases of strong acids

23
Q

Why don’t alkanes and hydrogen ions serve as good leaving groups?

A

They form very reactive, strongly basic anions

24
Q

What is necessary in order for the nucleophile to attack?

A

It must be more reactive than the leaving group

25
Q

What happens in both S 1 and S 2 reactions?

A

A nucleophile forms a bond with a substrate carbon and a leaving group leaves

26
Q

What happens in SN1?

A
  • LG leaves, forming carbocation

- Nucleophile attacks carbocation

27
Q

In SN1, the rate of the reaction depends on the

A

Substrate

28
Q

SN2 only has one step, resulting in

A

A backside attack

29
Q

SN2 reactions prefer

A

Less-substituted reactions

30
Q

For a reaction involving nucleophiles and electrophiles,

reactions also tend to occur at

A

The highest-priority functional group because it

contains the most oxidized carbon.

31
Q

SN2 reactions won’t occur with

A

32
Q

Good electrophiles are

A

Positively charged or polarized

33
Q

Good leaving groups are

A

Weak bases

34
Q

SN1 reactions show first-order kinetics because

A

The rate-limiting step involves only one molecule

35
Q

Which alcohols can undergo oxidation?

A

1º and 2º

36
Q

Ketones are less reactive compared to aldehydes due to

A

Steric hinderance