Acoustic Characteristics of Resonant Sounds Flashcards

1
Q

resonant consonants

A

nasals, liquids, glides

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2
Q

SLVT shape

A

relatively open, especially in vowels

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3
Q

Aperiodic noise

A

not present during articulation of resonant sounds

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4
Q

Resonant sound sound source

A

vocal fold vibration

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5
Q

VF vibration

A

characterized by the presence of formants (f1,2,3)

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6
Q

Formant frequencies

A

will vary based on a multitude of factors (e.g., gender, size, speaking situation, rate, phonetic context, word frequency)

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7
Q

F1

A

Most closely associated with pharynx size. This varies with tongue height. Air pocket size increases as tongue is pulled up. bigger air pocket, lower resonating frequency

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8
Q

High vowels and glides

A

highest tongue position and low F1 frequency

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9
Q

Lower tongue makles a

A

smaller air pocket.

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10
Q

smaller air pocket

A

higher resonating frequency.

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11
Q

Low vowels

A

High F1 Frequency

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12
Q

F2

A

Most closely associated with oral cavity size

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13
Q

Oral cavity size

A

varies with tongue advancement.

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14
Q

Size of air pocket in the oral cavity

A

decreases as the tongue moves forward.

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15
Q

Front vowels

A

high F2 frequency (front placement of tongue and small air pocket in oral cavity)

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16
Q

Back vowels

A

low F2 frequency (biggest air pocket and at the back of the mouth

17
Q

F3

A

Important for distinguishing the retroflexed vowels for /er/ and the consonant /r/ in english

18
Q

Retroflexed sounds

A

constrictions at the lips, toward the back of the hard palate and near the epiglotis. Constricting the vocal tract, these locations lower F3

19
Q

As the degree of constriction increases

A

sound amplitude is reduced. Resonant consonants have a lower amplitude than vowels

20
Q

Side cavity

A

tongue position for resonant consonants can produce this It is not directly connected with the open air. They don’t show up in the output speech signal.

21
Q

side cavities appear as this in the output signal

A

zeroes; “anti-resonances”; the opposite of a formant.

22
Q

Zeroes on the spectrogram

A

appears as white space or if it is near a formant frequency, a sudden reduction in formant amplitude

23
Q

Nasal Consonants

A

Have a complete closure at some location in the oral cavity. (lips, alveolar ridge, or the velum)

24
Q

Nasal consonants characterized

A

as zeroes in the output

25
Q

Nasal cavity

A

large pocket of air which resonates at a low frequency. They have a low frequency formant

26
Q

liquids and glides

A

involve a constriction in the vocal tract that does not produce turbulent airflow. articulation does not produce aperiodic noise

27
Q

liquids and glides vocal tract

A

Tends to be more constricted than for vowels so amplitude is lower.

28
Q

tongue shape for /l/

A

produces a side air pocket behind the tip of the tongue, which introduces zeroes into the spectrum for /l/.

29
Q

Obstruent Sounds

A

Stops, fricatives, and affricates. Vocal tract is relatively constricted. Presence of narrow constriction somewhere in the vocal tract results in turbulent airflow.

30
Q

When airflow becoes turbulent

A

aperiodic noise is produced

31
Q

Fricatives

A

have a continuant noise because the airflow is never totally constricted.

32
Q

stops

A

noncontinuent sounds because the airflow is completely stopped

33
Q

voiceless stops

A

burst may be followed by an aspiration underscore noise; followed in turn by the onset of vocal fold vibration.

34
Q

Voice onset time

A

period of time from the beginning of the burst till the onset of voicing.

35
Q

affricates

A

combine the features of stops and fricatives; the blockage is released in a narrow constriction. Airflow through the constriction produces frication noise

36
Q

Aperiodic noise

A

can serve as the only sound source for all obstruents. VF vibration is not required to produce an output sound. Therefore, obstruents can be voiceless

37
Q

Voiced obstruent sounds

A

sometimes show no VF vibration but are nevertheless perceived as voice