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Flashcards in Acute Inflammation 1 Deck (24)
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1
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

A fundamental response maintaining the integrity of an organism

A series of protective changes occuring in living tissue as a response to injury

2
Q

What are signs of acute inflammation?

A

Redness

Heat

Swelling

Pain

Loss of function

3
Q

What are possible aetiology (causes) of acute inflammation?

A

Microorganisms

Mechanical (trauma to tissue)

Chemical (acid or alkali)

Physical (extreme heat, cold or ionisation)

Dead tissue

Hypersensitivity

4
Q

Where does acute inflammation happen?

A

Localised to affected tissue

5
Q

What is the process of acute inflammation?

A

Series of microscoping changes that take place in the circulation

6
Q

What is the microcirculation composed of?

A

Capillary beds (fed by arterioles and drained by venules)

Extracellular space and fluid

Lymphatic channels and drainage

7
Q

What does the flux of fluids across the microcirculation depend on?

A

The difference in pressure in and out pulling the fluid in opposite directions (hydrostatic and cologenic pressures)

8
Q

What does acute inflammation lead to in the microcirculation?

A

Changes in vessel radias (flow)

Changes in permeability of the vessel wall (exudation)

Movement of neutrophils from the vessel to the extracellular space

9
Q

What are the changes in vessel flow known as?

A

Triple response

10
Q

What is the process of the triple response?

A

1) Temporary arteriolar constriction (protective)
2) Local arteriolar dilation (active hyperaemia)
3) Relaxation of vessel smooth muscle

11
Q

What is flow proportional to?

A

Radias to the power of 4

12
Q

What does a small increase in a vessel radias lead to?

A

A massive increase in flow

13
Q

What symptoms does the increased flow cause?

A

Redness and heat

14
Q

What does increasing vessel permeability result in?

A

Net movement of plasma from capillaries to extravascular space

Increased viscocity which decreases flow

15
Q

What does increased viscocity cause?

A

White blood cells to travel to the edge of the vessel and the erythrocytes to the middle, which is the opposite to how they normally are

16
Q

What is exudation?

A

Process of increasing the vessel permeability

17
Q

What is exudate?

A

The fluid that leaks from a vessel during exudaiton, rich in protein including immunoglobulin and fibrinogen

18
Q

What does exudation result in?

A

Formation of oedema, which explains the swelling which causes pain and reduced function

19
Q

What is oedema?

A

Accumulation of liquid in the extracellular space

20
Q

What are the phases of the emigration of neutrophils?

A

1) Migration (moves to edges of lumen)
2) Pavementing (adhere to the endothelium)
3) Emigration (squeeze between endothelial cells to the extravascular space)

21
Q

What are some examples of diseases caused by inflammation?

A

Gingivitis

Pleural inflammation

Appendicitis

22
Q

What is the ideal outcome of acute inflammation?

A

Inciting agent isolated and destroyed

Epithelial surface regenerates

Exudate is filtered away

Vascular changes return to normal

Inflammation resolves

23
Q

What are the benefits of acute inflammation?

A

Rapid response to nonspecific insult

Neutrophils destroy organism and denature antigen for macrophages

Plasma proteins localise process

24
Q

What are the possible outcomes of acute inflammation?

A

Resolution

Suppuration (pus formation)

Organisation

Chronic inflammation