Adverse Drug Reactions Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Adverse Drug Reactions Deck (19)
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1
Q

What is the equation for calculating the therapeutic index of a drug?

A

LD50 / ED50

2
Q

Drugs with a narrow therapeutic window usually have a therapeutic index of less than 2 - give some examples

A
Digoxin
Theophylline
Warfarin
Lithium
Gentamicin, vancomycin
Carbamazepine
3
Q

What is involved in phase 1 of drug metabolism?

A

Oxidation, reduction and hydrolysis of the drug via cytochrome P450

4
Q

What is involved in phase 2 of drug metabolism?

A

Conjugation, excretion in urine/bile

5
Q

Most adverse drug reactions occur in phase 2 of drug metabolism. True/False?

A

False

Most occur in phase 1

6
Q

What is meant by type A -classified adverse drug reaction?

A

Predictable, dose-dependent adverse reaction

7
Q

List the different mechanisms of type A adverse drug reaction in the kidney

A

Pre-renal failure (hypoperfusion)
Renal (acute tubular necrosis)
Post-renal (fibrosis, calculi)
Drug interactions

8
Q

What are the 2 main drugs that can contribute to pre-renal failure?

A

Diuretics
ACE inhibitors
Both can cause volume depletion and reduced GFR

9
Q

List the main drugs that cause acute tubular necrosis

A

Gentamicin
Sulphonamides
Aspirin

10
Q

What are the 2 main drugs that contribute to post-renal failure?

A

Methysergide (cluster headache)

Chemotherapy

11
Q

ACE inhibitors increase the hypoglycaemic effect of which drug used in diabetes?

A

Sulfonylureas

12
Q

Which drugs can cause/worsen constipation?

A

Ca channel blockers

Anti-cholinergics

13
Q

Potassium-rich foods react with which drugs?

A

ACE inhibitors

K-sparing diuretics

14
Q

Vitamin E + K -rich foods react with which drug?

A

Warfarin

15
Q

What is meant by type B -classified adverse drug reaction?

A

Idiosyncratic/unpredictable, dose-independent reaction

16
Q

Give examples of type B adverse drug reactions

A
Rashes
Aplastic anaemia (chloramphenicol)
Hepatic necrosis (halothane)
17
Q

Type B adverse drug reactions have high mortality. True/False?

A

True

18
Q

What is meant by type C -classified adverse drug reaction?

A

Adverse effect from prolonged therapy

19
Q

Give examples of type C adverse drug reaction

A

Cushing’s disease (steroids)
Diabetes (B-blockers)
Hypertension (NSAIDs)