all amino acids exist in the __ form
except what
L form
except glycine because it does not contain a chiral carbon
what is a chiral carbon
different compounds at each binding site of the center carbon
all amino acids are __
which means what
amphoteric
can act as acid or base
what are the essential amino acids
PVT TIM HALL
phenylalanine
valine
tryptophan
threonine
isoleucine
methionine
hisitidine
arginine
leucine
lysine
what amino acid is essential in children but not in adults
hisitidine
what are the ketogenic amino acids
leucine and lysine
lysine is precursor to what
carnitine
takes FA into mitochondria for B oxidation
what are the aromatic amino acids
phenylalanine
tyrosine
tryptophan
which amino acid has an indole ring
tryptophan
what are the sulfur containing amino acids
cysteine
cystine
methionine
what is cystine
2 cysteine linked together
what are the branched chained amino acids
isoleucine
leucine
valine
what is maple syrup urine disease do to
cant break down branched chain amino acids
what are the acidic amino acids
aspartic acid
glutamic acid
aspartic acid is found in what neurtoxic compound
aspartame
what are the basic amino acids
hisitidine
lysine
arginine
what amino acids have the greatest positive net charge at normal pH
basic amino acids
histidine
lysine
arginine
what are the limiting amino acids in
wheat cereal rice legumes maize pulses eggs and chicken
wheat - lysine
cereal - lysine
rice - lysine
legumes - tryptophan
maize - lysine and tryptophan
pulses - methionine
eggs and chicken - no limiting amino acids
what amino acid forms tyrosine
phenylalanine
what enzyme deficiency causes phenylketonuria
phenylalanine hydroxylase
converts Phenylalanine to Tyrosine
what are hormones created by tyrosine
tyrosine –> L dopa –> domaine –> norepinephrine –> epinephrine
T3, T4
what amino acid forms melanin
tyrosine –> L dopa –> melanin
how does albinism occur
cant convert L dopa to melanin
what amino acid is precursor to dopamine
tyrosine
what amino acid is precursor to catecholamines
tyrosine
what amino acid forms T3 and T4
tyrosine
what amino acid forms serotonin and melatonin
tryptophan –> serotonin –> melatonin
what amino acid forms nicotinamide
tryptophan –> niacin –> nicotinamide
for every 10kg of body weight, the person needs how much protein
8 grams per 10kg of body weight
what is the pH when an amino acid has no net electrical charge
isoelectric point
what is an amino acid called that is at its isoelectric point
zwitter ion
what is glutathione made up of
glutamate
glycine
cysteine
what mineral is needed for glutathione peroxidase
selenium
what is the composition of insulin
2 polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bond
what are examples of polypeptide, catecholamine, and steroid hormones
polypeptide hormones - insulin and glucagon
catecholamine - epinephrine and norepinephrine
steroid hormone - testosterone, cortisol, estrogen, progesterone