Anaemia Flashcards Preview

ESA 5 - Integrative > Anaemia > Flashcards

Flashcards in Anaemia Deck (19)
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1
Q

Decribe the creation of an erythrocyte

A

hemocytoblast –> proerythroblast –> normoblast –> reticulocyte –> erythrocyte

2
Q

How do the kidneys regulate erythropoeisis?

A

erythropoeitin released in hypoxic conditions. eyrhtropoietin acts on bone marrow to increase number of erythrocyte progenitor cells.

3
Q

What 2 metabolic pathways are found in the RBC? What can abnormalities in these pathways lead to?

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway - glucose metabolised to lactate to produce ATP. Used to maintain membrane pumps.

Hexose monophosphate pathway - G6P used to generate NADPH.

abnormalities lead to anaemia

4
Q

define anemia in adult men and women

A

men -

5
Q

How does the body respond to anemia?

A

Increasing CO, produce more 2,3-BPG, increasing erythropoeisis,

6
Q

What are the symptoms of anemia?

A

dyspnoea, weakness and lethargy, palpitations, headaches, tachycardia, pallor

7
Q

What are the 2 ways anaemia can occur?

A

reduced production or increased removal

8
Q

how can anemia be classified?

A

High (due to hemorrhage or hemolysis) and low reticulocytes (reduced production)

9
Q

How would you test for hemolysis? What would each test show?

A

Blood films - show spherocytosis, red cell fragments etc
Direct coombs test - tests for autoimmune hemolysis
Bilirubin levels or LDH levels
haptoglobin - used to remove Hb from blood by spleen
Reticulocyte count

10
Q

How can low reticulocyte anemia be further subclassified?

A

microcytic, normocytic, macrocytic

11
Q

Name 5 main causes of microcytic anemia

A

TAILS

Thalassemia, anaemia of chronic disease, iron deficiency, lead, sideoblastic anemia

12
Q

How would you confirm iron deficiency anemia

A

ferritin and transferrin % saturation tested.

13
Q

Name causes of normocytic anemia

A

anaemia of chronic disease, renal failure, bone marrow failure

14
Q

Explain the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic disease

A

In chronic disease there is chronic inflammation. Inflammation produces IL-6 which stimulates increased hepcidin which reduces amount of ferroportin in blood.
Hepcidin reduces iron absorption in gut.

15
Q

name causes of macrocytic anemia

A

b12 or folate deficiency, hypothyroidism, alcoholism.

16
Q

When would b12 deficiency be seen?

A

vegetarians, pernicious anemia, iliac disease or surgery

17
Q

when would folate deficiency be seen?

A

poor diet, malabsorption, drugs

18
Q

What would anaemia of chronic disease show during investigations which are different to iron deficiency anaemia?

A

Increased ferritin levels, raised inflammatory markers, low % transferrin saturation

19
Q

How would you treat Anemia of chronic disease?

A

EPO, transfusion, treat underlying disease