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Y12 AS Biology > Analysis of cell components > Flashcards

Analysis of cell components Flashcards

1
Q

What is the equation for magnification?

A

Magnification = image / actual

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2
Q

How do you get from a mm to a μm? (millimetre to micrometer)

A

x1000

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3
Q

How do you get from a μm to a nm? (micrometer to nanometer)

A

x1000

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4
Q

What is resolution?

A

How detailed an image is

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5
Q

What are the two types of microscope?

A

Light

Electron

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6
Q

What is the magnification of an optical microscope like in comparison to an electron?

A

Lower at a max of x1500

Electron is a max of x 1 500 000

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7
Q

What is the resolution of the optical microscope like in comparison to an electron?

A

Lower at a max of 0.2μm

Electron is a max of 0.0002μm

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8
Q

How do optical microscopes work?

A

They use light to form an image

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9
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

They use electrons to form an image

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10
Q

What type of images do electron microscope produce?

A

Black and white images

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11
Q

What are the two types of electron microscopes?

A

Transmission

Scanning

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12
Q

What are advantages of TEMs?

A

High resolution images

Shows small objects

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13
Q

What are disadvantages of TEMs?

A

Only used on thin specimens

Can only be on non-living specimens done in a vacuum

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14
Q

What are advantages of SEMs?

A

Used on thick specimens

Can be 3D

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15
Q

What are disadvantages of SEMs?

A

Give lower resolution images than TEMs

Can only be on non-living specimens done in a vacuum

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16
Q

What is a good way to remember the equation for magnification?

A

MIA

M=I/A

17
Q

What is cell fractionation?

A

Separating organelles from the cell

18
Q

What are the three stages of cell fractionation?

A

1) Homogenisation
2) Filtration
3) Ultracentrifugation

19
Q

What is homogenisation? (cell fractionation)

A

Breaking up the cells using a blender

20
Q

What should the solution be in homogenisation?

A

Ice-cold
Isotonic
Buffered

21
Q

Why should the solution be ice-cold?

A

to reduce the activity of enzymes that break down organelles

22
Q

Why should the solution be isotonic?

A

To prevent damage to organelles by osmosis

23
Q

Why should the solution be buffered?

A

To maintain the pH

24
Q

What is filtration? (cell fractionation)

A

Filtered to remove any debris tissue so the solution you collect only contains organelles

25
Q

What is ultracentrifugation? (cell fractionation)

A
  • Spinning of the tube containing the organelles at a low speed
  • The heaviest organelles go to the bottom and form a thick sediment, the rest form the supernatant
  • The supernatant is collected and this is repeated at a higher speed each time until all of the organelles are separated out
26
Q

What is the order the organelles will be collected in cell fractionation?

A 
Nuclei
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria 
Lysosomes 
Endoplasmic reticulum 
Ribosomes

Y12 AS Biology (57 decks)

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