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ENT > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

point to the root, dorm, tip, ala, nostril, septum of nose and philtre of upper lip

A

x

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2
Q

should you use adrenaline containing anaesthetics near the nasal cartilages?

A

naaaah

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3
Q

what bone is particularly important in the nasal cavity

A

ethmoid bone

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4
Q

what is the top of the ethmoid called

A

cribriform plate and crista galli

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5
Q

what is the lateral wall of the ethmoid bone called

A

superior and middle conchae, ethmoid air cells and orbital plate

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6
Q

what makes up the septal plate

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid and vomer

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7
Q

what is le fort fracture 1

A

along maxilla

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8
Q

what is le fort 2

A

nasal bone, maxilla

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9
Q

le fort three

A

includes temporal, sphenoid, maxilla and nasal

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10
Q

can le fort fractures 1,2,3 cause spread of infection

A

no- only 2 and 3 can

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11
Q

why is a septal haematoma incised and drained?

A

prevents AVN of septal hyaline cartilage which relies in nutrients from nasal mucosa

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12
Q

What kind of mucosa would you find in the vestibule of the nasal cavity

A

keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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13
Q

what is the largest mucosa of the nasal cavity

A

respiratory- pseudostratified, columnar with cilia and goblet cells

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14
Q

what mucosa makes up the nasal cavity next to the sphenoid

A

olfactory mucosa

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15
Q

what is the olfactory nerve

A

special sensory

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16
Q

What nerve supplies the superior half of the nasal cavity

A

V1- opthalmic

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17
Q

what nerve supplies the posterior part of nasal cavity

A

V2- maxillary

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18
Q

what blood supply arises from external carotid artery

A

facial and maxillary

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19
Q

what blood supply arises from internal carotid arteries

A

opthalmic

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20
Q

what are branches of the ophthalmic artery

A

anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries

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21
Q

what are branches of the maxillary artery

A

sphenopalatine and greater palatine arteries

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22
Q

what arises form the facial artery

A

lateral nasal branch of facial or septal branch of superior labial artery depending on how you look at it

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23
Q

what is important about kiesselbachs area?

A

an arterial anastomosis on nasal septum- common cause of nosebleeds

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24
Q

what are the spaces below each conchae called (4)

A

meatus- sphenoethmoidal, superior, middle, inferior

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25
Q

what is paranasal sinus

A

air filled spaces within bone

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26
Q

name the 7/8 paranasal sinuses

A

2x frontal bone, 2x maxillary sinuses, 2x ethmoid air cells, 1/2x sphenoid sinuses

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27
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses lined by

A

mucous secreting respiratory mucosa

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28
Q

where does the sphenoid sinus drain into

A

sphenoethmoidal recess

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29
Q

where does the lacrimal gland sit

A

just below outer eye brow

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30
Q

where does the lacrimal gland drain into

A

nasolacrimal duct

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31
Q

what is sinusitis

A

inflammation of the paranasal sinuses

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32
Q

what are some causes of sinusitis

A

infection, allergy, autoimmune issues

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33
Q

where can sinusitis pain be referred to

A

teeth

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34
Q

what does the temporal bone contain

A

organs of hearing and balance, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves

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35
Q

What is the pterion

A

the thinnest part of the skull

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36
Q

what CN exits in the anterior fossa

A

CN1

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37
Q

which nerves exit the middle fossa (7)

A

CN2 (optic nerve), CN3 (oculomotor), CN4- trochlear, CN6-abducent CN5.1- trigeminal opthalmic CNV2- maxillary, CN3- mandibular

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38
Q

which nerves exit the posterior fossa

A

CNVII- Facial nerve, CN VIII vestibulocochlear, CN IX glossopharyngeal, X vagus, XI accessory, XII hypoglossal

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39
Q

what makes up the external ear

A

temporal bone, elastic cartilage (avascualr, nutrients from skin)

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40
Q

What is the middle part of the external ear called

A

external acoustic meatus

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41
Q

what are the three landmarks on the ear called

A

triages, helix and ear lobe

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42
Q

which nerve innervates most of external ear

A

C2,3

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43
Q

What does the CNX and CNV3 supply?

A

EAM and tympanic membrane

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44
Q

where does the lymph in lateral superior half of auricle drain to

A

parotid lymph nodes

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45
Q

where does the cranial surface of superior half drain to

A

mastoid lymph nodes

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46
Q

where does the auricle lymph drain to

A

superficial lymph nodes

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47
Q

what is involved in a otoscopic examination

A

EAM and tympanic membrane

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48
Q

how do you straighten EAM in a child

A

pull the ear down nd back

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49
Q

how do you straighten ear in adults

A

Up and back

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50
Q

what is the most depressed part in the upper ear

A

the umbo

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51
Q

what supplies the tympanic membrane?

A

V3, IX

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52
Q

what does the eustachian tube do

A

connects middle ear to the nasopharynx

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53
Q

what can mimic ear ache

A

tonsilitis and pharyngitis

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54
Q

what joint connects the 3 ossicles

A

synovial joint

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55
Q

name a branch of the facial nerve

A

chords tympanii

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56
Q

what does the chords tympanii do?

A

anterior 2/3rd of tongue

57
Q

what does the stapedius do

A

protect inner ear from excessive noise

58
Q

what 2 things do V3 supply

A

facial expression and sublingual salivary glands

59
Q

what is the circular muscle called that surrounds the eye

A

orbicularis oculi

60
Q

what 4 things can you ge the patient to do to test he function of the facial expression muscles

A

frown, close eyes tightly, smile, puff out cheeks

61
Q

what shape of a window opens into the internal acoustic meatus

A

oval

62
Q

which part of vestibulocochlear controls the hearing

A

cochlear

63
Q

which part of vestibulocochlear contains the balance

A

vestibular

64
Q

what symptoms would you get with CNVIII damage

A

loss of facial expression, taste, dry mouth, reduced sensation in auricle

65
Q

What symptoms would you get with CNVIII damamge

A

loss of hearing and or balance

66
Q

where is the anterior surface of the tongue

A

when tongue is lifted up it is there

67
Q

point to the frenulum

A

x

68
Q

what do sublingual papillae do

A

open for ducts of submandibular salivary glands

69
Q

where do you find the lingual vein

A

on ventral side of tongue

70
Q

where are sublingual folds

A

under tongue either side of the frenulum

71
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular, sublingual

72
Q

where od you find the parotid gland

A

infront of your ear

73
Q

what does the parotid duct pierce through

A

buccinator then opens on the parotid papilla

74
Q

where is the submandibular gland

A

onto e side of mandible, opens on the sublingual papilla

75
Q

where is the sublingual gland?

A

underneath the tongue

76
Q

what is the muscle of the floor of the mouth?

A

mylohyoid

77
Q

what does the chords tympanii branch “hitch a ride onto”

A

CNV3 branch called the lingual nerve

78
Q

What supplies the sublingual salivary gland?

A

CNVII

79
Q

what supplies the submandibular gland?

A

CN VII parasympathetic axons

80
Q

What supplies the muscles of facial expression

A

CNVII

81
Q

What supplies the parotid gland

A

parasympathetic innervation of CN IX, then ‘hitches a ride’ on CNV3 (auriculotemporal branch)

82
Q

what mucosa is the tongue covered in

A

lingual mucosa

83
Q

What is the general sensory supply of the anterior 2/3rd of tongue

A

CN V3,

84
Q

what is the special sensory supply of anterior 2/3 tongue?

A

CN VII

85
Q

is the posterior 1/3 tongue in the oral cavity?

A

nahhh

86
Q

what is the general nd sensory supply in the posterior tongue?

A

CN IX

87
Q

what significance does th foramen caecum have?

A

origin of thyroid gland

88
Q

what do the valuate papillae contain?

A

taste buds

89
Q

where would thyroglossal duct cysts and ectopic thyroid tissue be located?

A

in midline of thyroid

90
Q

what 4 muscles suspend the tongue?

A

palatoglossus, genioglossus, hyoglossus and styloglossus

91
Q

what do the extrinsic tongue muscles do?

A

change position of tongue during mastication, swallowing and speech

92
Q

which compartment of skull can the hypoglossal nerve be found

A

occipital bone

93
Q

what does the CNXII supply

A

most muscles of the tongue

94
Q

how do you test the function of CNXII

A

stick tongue straight out

95
Q

what is the blood supply to the tongue

A

lingual artery (look for the loop)

96
Q

where would you find palatine tonsils

A

between he arches of soft palate

97
Q

what feature do you find on the palatine bones?

A

palatal rugae

98
Q

what are the 4 pairs of muscles that innervate the soft palate

A

levator veli palatini
tensor veli palatini
palatoglossus
palatopharyngeus

99
Q

what supplies the skeletal muscles of the soft palate

A

CN X excepts tensor veli palatine which is CNV3

100
Q

How do you test the nerves that supply the soft palate muscles (CN X and CNV3)

A

ask patient to say aaaah

101
Q

what is the circular layers at back of pharynx innervated by

A

CN X

102
Q

what do the circular muscles of the pharynx insert on to?

A

midline raphe

103
Q

what are the 3 longitudinal muscles of the pharynx

A

stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus

104
Q

what nerve supply do the 3 longitudinal pharyngeal muscles have?

A

CN IX for stylopharyngess and palatopharyngeus and CNX for Salpingopharyngeus

105
Q

where do you find lingual tonsil

A

posterior 1/3 of tongue

106
Q

where are tubal tonsils

A

in the mucosa of eustachian tube opening

107
Q

where are th phalangeal tonsil “adenoid”

A

in roof of nasopharynx

108
Q

what drains into the submental lymph nodes

A

tip of the tongue

109
Q

what drains into the submandibular nodes?

A

nasal cavity and oral cavity

110
Q

what drains into the retropharyngeal nodes?

A

nasal conchae

111
Q

what does the jugulo-digastric node drain/

A

palatine tonsils

112
Q

what encloses the larynx?

A

pre tracheal fascia of neck

113
Q

in what vertebrae does the larynx lie between?

A

C4-C6

114
Q

what level does the hyoid bone sit at

A

C3

115
Q

where does the cricothyroid cartilage sit

A

C6

116
Q

at what level does the larynx become the phaeynx

A

C6

117
Q

what is the muscle called that completes the posterior wall of the trachea

A

trachealis

118
Q

where does the arytenoid cartilage sit

A

posterior larynx, beneath the epiglottis

119
Q

when pressing on the cricoid cartilage what do you compress

A

oesophagus

120
Q

what do vocal cords attach between

A

the arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid cartilage

121
Q

what is the space through the vocal cords called

A

rima glottidis

122
Q

what is most of the larynx mucosa mad cup of

A

respiratory epithelium

123
Q

what is the vocal cords mucosa

A

stratified squamous epithelium

124
Q

what is the superior surface of the vocal cords called

A

false vocal cords

125
Q

what is the sensory innervation of the laryngeal mucosa

A

vagus nerve

126
Q

what specifically supplies the false vocal cords

A

superior laryngeal branches of CNX

127
Q

what supplies the true vocal cords

A

recurrent laryngeal branches of CNX

128
Q

hat kind of innervation dose the vagus nerve supply to larynx

A

sensory and motor

129
Q

what are the intrinsic muscles of larynx supplied by

A

motor branches of the vagus nerve

130
Q

what do the cricothyroid muscles do

A

tense the vocal cords, nod the thyroid cartilage

131
Q

what do the thyro- arytenoid muscles do

A

relax vocal cords and pull arytenoid cartilage towards thyroid

132
Q

what do crico-arytenoid muscles do

A

adduct vocal cords

133
Q

what do posterior crico-arytenoid muscles do

A

abduct the vocal cords, wine rims glottides

134
Q

what muscles are used for phonation

A

arytenoids

135
Q

what muscle is involved in whispering

A

lateral circa-arytenoids

136
Q

what muscles are used for inspiration

A

diaphragm and intercostal muscles

137
Q

what CN are important in articulating words

A

CN V3, X, VII and XII

138
Q

how to test vagus nerve

A

swallow water, hoarse voice? cough

ENT (16 decks)

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