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Flashcards in Anatomy Deck (119)
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1
Q

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdomen?

A

Right upper /lower

Left upper/lower

2
Q

What are the 9 regions of the abdomen?

A
Left hypochondrium 
Epigastrium 
Right hypochondrium 
Umbilical 
Left lumber 
Right lumbar
Hypogastrium 
Left iliac region
Right iliac region
3
Q

What planes divide the abdomen into 4?

A

Mid-sagittal (median) plane

Transunbilical plane

4
Q

What are the planes which divide the abdomen into 9?

A

Midclavicular plane
Transpyloric plane
Transtubercular plane

5
Q

What are the 3 flat muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?

A

External
Internal oblique
Tranversus abdominis

6
Q

What is the innervation of the external oblique?

A

T7-T12

7
Q

What is the innervation of the internal oblique?

A

T7-T12 (L1)

8
Q

What is the innervation of the transversus abdominis?

A

T7-T12 (L1)

9
Q

What is action of the oblique muscles?

A

Flex & rotate trunk

10
Q

What is the action of transversus abdominis?

A

Compress & support abdominal viscera

11
Q

What are names of the vertical anterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

Rectus Abdominis

Pyramidalis

12
Q

What is the action of rectus abdominis?

A

Flexes trunk & increases intra-abdominal pressure

13
Q

What is the innervation of rectus abdominis?

A

T7-T11

14
Q

What is the action of pyramidalis?

A

Tenses linea alba

15
Q

What is the innervation of the pyramidalis?

A

T12

16
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurosis formed from the 3 flat muscles of the anterior abdominal wall

17
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flat tendinous sheet

18
Q

What level is the umbilicus?

A

L4

19
Q

What is the dermatome at the nipples?

A

T4

20
Q

What is the dermatome at the umbilicus?

A

T10

21
Q

What is the dermatome at the groin?

A

L1

22
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

A fibrous line which runs down the midline, dividing the rectus abdominis into 2

23
Q

What is the inguinal ligament an extension of?

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique muscle

24
Q

Which bony points is the inguinal ligament attached to?

A

Anterior superior iliac spine

Pubic tubercle

25
Q

What is the anterior wall of the inguinal canal composed of?

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

26
Q

What is the posterior wall of the inguinal canal composed of?

A

Transversalis fascia

27
Q

What is the floor of the inguinal canal composed of?

A

Inguinal ligament

28
Q

What is the roof of the inguinal canal composed of?

A

Transversalis fascia
Transversus abdominis
Internal oblique

29
Q

In which layer of the AA wall muscles does the deep inguinal ring occur?

A

Transversalis fascia

30
Q

In which layer of the AA wall muscles does the superficial inguinal ring occur?

A

External oblique

31
Q

What is the contents of the inguinal canal in males?

A

Spermatic cord
Ilioinguinal nerve
Lymph vessels

32
Q

What is the contents of the inguinal canal in females?

A

Round ligament of uterus
Ilioinguinal nerve
Lymph vessels

33
Q

What types of inguinal hernia can occur?

A

Direct

Indirect

34
Q

Which type of inguinal hernia is most common?

A

Indirect (congenital resulting in peritoneal sac moving out of inguinal canal into scrotum)

35
Q

What is the cause of direct inguinal hernia?

A

Weakened abdominal wall

36
Q

What is the superior epigastric vessel a branch of?

A

Internal thoracid artery

37
Q

What is the inferior epigastric a branch of?

A

External iliac artery

38
Q

What are the 4 basic mucous types of the GI tract?

A

Protective
Secretory
Absorptive
Absorptive/Protective

39
Q

Where is protective mucosa found?

A

Mouth, oesophagus, anal canal

40
Q

Where is secretory mucosa found?

A

Seen only in the stomach

41
Q

Where is absorptive mucosa found?

A

Small intestine

42
Q

Where is absorptive/protective mucosa found?

A

Large intestine

43
Q

What vertebral level is the transpyloric plane in?

A

L1

44
Q

What vertebral plane is the subcostal plane?

A

L3

45
Q

What vertebral plane is the transtubercular plane?

A

L5

46
Q

What cells compose the peritoneum and produce peritoneal fluid?

A

Mesothelial cells

47
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral peritoneum

Parietal peritoneum

48
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the peritoneum, forming sacs?

A

Greater sac

Lesser sac

49
Q

Through which foramen do the 2 sacs of the peritoneal cavity communicate?

A

Epiploic foramen (omental foramen)

50
Q

What does intraperitonised mean?

A

Organ is completely covered in visceral peritoneum

51
Q

What does retroperitonised mean?

A

Organ is covered on anterior surface by parietal peritoneum, attached to posterior wall

52
Q

What organs are intraperitonised?

A
Stomach
Jejunum Ileum 
Caecum 
Sigmoid colon 
Spleen 
Liver
Transverse colon
53
Q

What organs are retroperitonsied?

A
Suprarenal glands
Aorta (IVC)
Duodenum (2nd half)
Pancreas 
Ureters
Colon (ascending/descending)
Kidneys 
E(Oesophagus)
Rectum
54
Q

What is mesentery formed from?

A

2 layers of visceral peritoneum

55
Q

What layer of peritoneum is most sensitive to pain, pressure, temperature?

A

Parietal peritoneum

56
Q

What are the attachments for the greater omentum?

A

Greater curvature of stomach

Transverse colon

57
Q

What are the attachments for the lesser omentum?

A

Lesser curvature of stomach

Liver

58
Q

What ligaments compose the lesser omentum?

A

Hepatogastric

Hepatoduodenal

59
Q

What is the greater omentum composed of? What is its function?

A

4 layers of visceral peritoneum

Localises site of infection within abdomen

60
Q

What is the innervation of the parietal peritoneum?

A

T7-T12 + L1

61
Q

What are the 3 hiatuses of the diaphragm for?

A

IVC (T8)
Oesophagus (T10)
Aorta (T12)

62
Q

What are the 3 main branches of the aorta which supply the gut?

A

Coeliac trunk
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery

63
Q

At what level are the common iliac arteries formed?

A

L4

64
Q

At which vertebral level is the celiac trunk formed?

A

T12

65
Q

At which vertebral level is the SMA formed?

A

L1

66
Q

At which vertebral level is the IMA formed?

A

L3

67
Q

What is the portal system?

A

Delivers nutrient rich blood from the gut to the liver for processing.

68
Q

What forms the hepatic portal vein?

A

Splenic vein

SM vein

69
Q

What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?

A

Splenic artery
Left gastric artery
Hepatic artery

70
Q

Where are the sites of porto-systemic anastomoses?

A

Anorectal junction
Gastroesophageal junction
Paraumbilical veins

71
Q

Which level do the kidneys lie at?

A

T12-L3

72
Q

What is the order anterior to posterior that vessels leave the renal pelvis?

A

Renal vein
Renal artery
Renal pelvis

73
Q

Where are the 3 constrictions of the ureters found?

A

Pelviureteric junction
Pelvic brim
Vesicoureteric junction

74
Q

What structures enter the abdominal cavity through the oesophageal cavity?

A

Oesophagus
Vagus nerve (X)
Oesophageal branch of left gastric artery

75
Q

What are the 2 orifices of the stomach?

A

Cardiac

Pyloric

76
Q

What are the 2 curvatures of the stomach?

A

Lesser & greater

77
Q

What layer of tissue is the pyloric sphincter composed of?

A

Circular smooth muscle

78
Q

What tissue layer composes the rugae?

A

Mucosal layer

79
Q

Where are rugae most prevalent in the stomach?

A

Greater curvature

Pyloric area

80
Q

Where does the right gastric artery arise from?

A

Hepatic artery

81
Q

Where does the left gastro-omental artery arise from?

A

Splenic artery

82
Q

Where does the right gastro-omental artery arise from?

A

Common hepatic artery

83
Q

Which common group of lymph nodes do the stomach drain to?

A

Coeliac trunk

84
Q

What does the coeliac trunk supply?

A

Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Duodenum (1st part)

85
Q

What are the different areas of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

86
Q

What part of the small intestine receives the bile & pancreatic duct?

A

2nd part

87
Q

Where is the foregut/ midgut boundary?

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla (Major duodenal papilla)

88
Q

What is the shortest, widest & most fixed area of the SMALL INTESTINE?

A

Duodenum

89
Q

Which area of the small intestine is red & highly vascularised?

A

Jejunum

90
Q

Which area of the small intestine has many arcades but short vasa recta?

A

Ileum

91
Q

What are the anatomical features of the large intestine which distinguish it?

A

Haustra
Omental appendices
Teniae coli

92
Q

How is the caecum peritonised?

A

Intraperitonised

93
Q

Where is the boundary of the midgut/hindgut?

A

2/3rd along transverse colon

94
Q

What 2 structures enter into the caecum?

A

Ileum

Appendix

95
Q

What is identified at McBurneys point?

A

The base of the appendix

96
Q

What is the blood supply of the superior rectum?

A

Superior rectal artery

97
Q

How is the superior/middle/inferior rectum peritonised?

A

Retroperitoneal
Anteriorly peritonised
Subperitoneal

98
Q

What is the blood supply of the inferior rectum?

A

Middle rectal artery

99
Q

What is the parasympathetic supply to the rectum?

A

S2-4 pelvic splanchnic nerves

100
Q

Where does the falciform ligament attach?

A

Liver to anterior abdominal wall

101
Q

What lies at the free edge of the falciform ligament? What is it a remnant of?

A

Ligamentum teres

Umbilical vein

102
Q

Where are the parabolic gutters located? What are the susceptible to?

A

Lateral to ascending/ descending colon

Infection

103
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the oesophagus?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

104
Q

What type of tissue is found in muscarlaris mucosae?

A

Smooth muscle

105
Q

What is another name for circular folds? Where in the GI tract are they found?

A

Plicae circularis

Small intestine

106
Q

What is the surface marking for the transpyloric plane?

A

9th costal cartilage

107
Q

What internal structures are found in the transpyloric plane?

A
Pylorus of stomach
Duodenum 
Neck of pancreas
Fundus of gallbladder
Kidneys
108
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Filters blood and produces immune cells

109
Q

How is the spleen peritonised?

A

Intraperitonised

110
Q

What other organ is in contact with the spleen?

A

Tail of pancreas

111
Q

What are the 4 parts of the pancreas?

A

Head
Neck
Body
Tail

112
Q

What vein forms posterior to pancreas neck?

A

Superior mesenteric vein

113
Q

What are the different lobes of the liver?

A

Right/Left
Caudate
Quadrate

114
Q

What structures are in the porta hepatis?

A

Hepatic artery
Hepatic portal vein
Common hepatic duct

115
Q

What is the liver bare of?

A

Peritoneum

116
Q

What fold of peritoneum covers the structures of the porta hepatis?

A

Lesser omentum

117
Q

What is the surface anatomy for the Gallbladder?

A

9th costal cartilage (R) MIDCLAVICULAR LINE

118
Q

What is the surface anatomy for the spleen?

A

9-11th ribs

119
Q

What is the name of the triangle found in relation to the gallbladder?

A

Calot’s triangle