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09- Neurology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the name for a collection of cell bodies in the CNS and the PNS?

A

CNS- nucleus

PNS- ganglion

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2
Q

nerves can be what kind of ‘modality’?

A

single modality

mixed modality

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3
Q

describe single modailty nerves?

A

one of:

somatic motor

somatic sensory

special sensory

sympathetic/parasympathetic/visceral afferent

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4
Q

decribe mixed modailty nerves?

A

somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic all in one

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5
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

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6
Q

how do spinal nerves connect with structures of the soma (body)?

A

via rami

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7
Q

spinal nerves are only found within what structure?

A

intervertebral foramina

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8
Q

describe the path of sensory axons

A

spinal nerve→ posterior root→ posterior rootlet→ posterior horn of spinal cord

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9
Q

describe the path of motor axons

A

anterior horn of spinal cord→ anterior rootlet→ anterior root→ spinal nerve

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10
Q

each spinal nerve supplies a body segment with what?

A

general snesory supply

somaotic motor to skeletal muscle

sympathetic nerve supply to skin/arterioles

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11
Q

the anterior rami of which spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?

A

C1-C4

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12
Q

the anterior rami of which spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

A

C5-T1

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13
Q

the anterior rami of which spinal nerves make up the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4

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14
Q

the anterior rami of which spinal nerves make up the sacral plexus?

A

L5-S4

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15
Q

what are the 4 routes of sympathetic outflow within the sympathetic trunk?

A
  1. ascend then synapse
  2. synapase at level of entry
  3. descend and then synapse
  4. pass through sympathetic trunk without synapsing and enter abdominopelvic splanchnic nerve
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16
Q

presynaptic parasympathetic axons leave the CNS via which cranial nerves?

A

2,7,9,10

(optic, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus)

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17
Q

what are the extrinsic muscles of the back?

A

levator scapulae

rhomboids

trapezius

latissimus dorsi

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18
Q

what is the function of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

move upper limb

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19
Q

what is the function of the intrinsic back muscles?

A

maintain back posture and move spine

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20
Q

what are the two groups of intrinsic back muscles?

A

erector spinae (superficical)

tranversospinalis (deep)

21
Q

what muscles are responsible for flexion of the spine?

A

psoas major

rectus abdominus

22
Q

contraction of erector spinae bilaterally causes what movement?

A

extension of spine

(unilateral contraction causes lateral flexion)

23
Q

what are the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments?

A

supraspinous- connects tips of spinous processes (strong/fibrous)

interspinous- connects superior and inferior surfaces of adjacent spinous processes (weak/membranous)

24
Q

where are intervertebral discs found?

A

between bodies of adjacent verebrae

(can herniate)

25
Q

what are facet joints?

A

between articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

(can be affected by arthritis)

26
Q

what are the two types of tissue in intervertebral discs?

A

outer fibrous ring- annulus fibrosis

inner soft pulp- nucleus pulposus

27
Q

of the anterior and posterior ligaments of the spine which is stronger?

A

anterior- broad strong

posterior- narrow, weak

28
Q

what is the first palpable spinous process in 70% of people?

A

C7- vertebrae prominens

29
Q

where does the spinal cord begin/end?

A

begins at foramen magnum and ends at L1/2 (conus medullaris)

30
Q

how many stages of cervical vertebrae dislocation are there?

A

A- stage 1, flexion sprain

B- stage 2, anterior subluxation

C- stage 3, 50% translation

D- stage 4, complete dislocation

31
Q

what are somatic general sensory symptoms?

A

pain (neuralgia)

paraethesia

numbness

sensitivity (hyperpaesthesia)

hot or cold

ataxia

32
Q

what are some motor symptoms?

A

muscle stiffness, tightness, spasm

muscle floppiness (reduced tone)

muscular wekaness (reduced power)

ataxia

33
Q

how are spinal nerves tested clinically?

A

sensory function → dermatomes

motor function → mytotomes

both → spinal reflexes

34
Q

how do spinal nerves differ from named nerves?

A

spinal nerve = axons originating from one spinal cord i.e. C5 spinal nerve

named nerve = axons originating from one or more spinal levels supplying particular area i.e. C5,6,7 musculocutaneous nerve

35
Q

spinal cord reflexes depend on the integrity of which pathway?

A

the arc pathway

36
Q

reflex muscle contractions are controlled by descending/ascending pathways?

A

descending pathways

37
Q

how do UMN lesions affect reflexes?

A

spasticity

38
Q

how do LMN lesions affect reflexes?

A

flaccidity

39
Q

what are the different spinal reflexes that can be tested clinically?

A

biceps brachii- C5,6

brachioradialis- C7

triceps brachii C7

knee jerk L3

ankle jerk S1

40
Q

what are the layers of the scalp?

A

skin

connective tissue

aponeurosis

loose conenctiev tissue

pericranium

41
Q

what artery can be found behind the pterion?

A

middle meingeal artery

42
Q

CSF is reabsorbed into the dural venous sinuses via what structure?

A

arachnoid granulations

43
Q

which of the internal and external carotid arteries enters the cranial cavity?

A

internal carotid enters cranial cavity to supply brain

external carotid remains outisde cavity to supply neck, face and scalp

44
Q

how do the vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity?

A

passes trhough vertebral foramina in cervical vertebrae then through foramen magnum

45
Q

subarachnoid bleeds are termed what?

A

berry aneurysms (ruptured circle of willis)

(can also be due to congenital aneurysms)

46
Q

how does an extradural bleed occur?

A

ruptured middle menigial artery- trauma to pterion

47
Q

how does a subdural bleed occur?

A

torn cerbral veins

falls in elderly/those w drinkign problems

48
Q

compression of teh oculomotor nerve by an uncal herniation results inw hat clinical sign?

A

ipsilateral fixed dialted pupil

‘blown pupil’

09- Neurology (16 decks)

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