Anatomy and Physiology XIV Flashcards Preview

Neurology > Anatomy and Physiology XIV > Flashcards

Flashcards in Anatomy and Physiology XIV Deck (25)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

From where do the dural venous sinuses brain blood/ CSF?

A

Blood from the cerebral veins; CSF from arachnoid granulations (p.425)

2
Q

Where is the main dural venous sinus location of CSF return via arachnoid granulations.

A

Superior saggital sinus (p.425)

3
Q

What channel connects the lateral ventricles to the third ventricle?

A

The right and left intraventricular foramina of Monro (p.426)

4
Q

What channel connects the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle?

A

The cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius (p.426)

5
Q

Name the two foramens of the fourth ventricle that connect to the subarachnoid space.

A

Foramen of Luschka and foramen of Magendie (p.426)

6
Q

Describe the relative locations of the foramina of Luschka and the foramen of Magendie in relation to the fourth

A

Foramina of Luschka is lateral; Foramen of Magendie is medial (p.426)

7
Q

To what do the Foramina of Luschka and the foramen of Magendie connect?

A

Connect the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space (p.426)

8
Q

Where is CSF made?

A

By ependymal cells of the choroid plexus (p.426)

9
Q

Where is CSF reabsorbed?

A

By arachnoid granulations (p.426)

10
Q

Where does CSF drain?

A

Into the dural venous sinuses (p.426)

11
Q

What causes communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Decreased CSF absorption by arachnoid granulations (p.426)

12
Q

What signs and symptoms may be caused by communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Increased ICP, papilledema, herniation (p.426)

13
Q

Name three types of communicating, non obstructive hydrocephalus?

A

Communicating hydrocephalus, normal pressure hydrocephalus, hydrocephalus ex vacuo (p.426)

14
Q

What distinguishes communicating from non-communicating hydrocephalus?

A

Communicating is non-obstructive; noncommunicating is obstructive (p.426)

15
Q

Name one potential cause of communicating hydrocephalus.

A

Arachnoid scarring post meningitis (p.426)

16
Q

What clinical pathology leads to normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

Increased subarachnoid space volume without increase in CSF pressure; expansion of ventricles distorts the fibers of the corona radiata (p.426)

17
Q

What is the clinical triad of symptoms in normal pressyre hydrocephalus?

A

Urinary incontinence, ataxia, cognitive dysfunction (sometimes reversible); Wet, wobbly, wacky (p.426)

18
Q

What CT findings are consistent with normal pressure hydrocephalus?

A

Lateral ventricle enlargement in absence of, or out of proportion to sulcal enlargement (which is a marker for brain atrophy) (p.426)

19
Q

What signs and symptoms may be caused by hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

Appearance of increased CSF in the presence of atrophy. ICP is normal and wet, wobbly, wacky triad is not seen (p.426)

20
Q

Name three potential causes of hydrocephalus ex vacuo.

A

Alzheimer’s disease, advanced HIV, and Pick’s disease (p.426)

21
Q

What is the cause of the apparent CSF increase observed on imaging in hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

Decreased neural tissue due to neuronal atrophy (p.426)

22
Q

What is the primary difference between normal pressure hydrocephalus and hydrocephalus ex vacuo?

A

Ventricular enlargement is out of proportion to atrophy in normal pressure hydrocephalus; increased CSF is accompanied by atrophy in hydrocephalus ex vacuo (p.426)

23
Q

What causes noncommunicating hydrocephalus?

A

Structural blockage of CSF circulation within the ventricular system (p.426)

24
Q

Give an exmaple of a condition which may cause noncommunicating hydrocephalus.

A

Stenosis of the aqueduct of Sylvius (p.426)

25
Q

What is the pathophysiology of vertebral disk herniation?

A

Nucleus pulposus herniates through the anulus fibrosus (p.427)