where does the phrenic nerve descend?
- along the pericardium
what is the main function of the phrenic nerve?
it innervates the diaphragm
what is the outer most layer of the hearT?
the fibrous pericardium
what is the second outer most layer of the heart?
- the serous pericardium
- it has 2 parts
- parietal serous pericardium = in contact with the fibrous pericardium
- visceral serous pericardium (epicardium) = in contact with the heart
what is haemopericardium?
- blood within the pericardium space
- the heart can be crushed and prevents normal contraction = cardiac tamponade
what is pericardiocentesis?
- needle inserted via infrasternal angle and directed superoposteriorly, aspiration continuously
what is the transverse pericardial sinus?
- a space within the pericaridal cavity
- lies posterior to the ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk
where do you palpate the apex beat?
- 5th left intercostal space, midclavicular line
how to differentiate between phrenic nerve and vagus nerve?
- the vagus will go behind the heart
where does venus return from head and neck come from?
- internal jugular vein
where does venous return from the body come from?
- the right subclavian vein
what is the bracialcephalic vein?
internal jugular vein + subclavian vein
which artery carries deoxygenated blood back to the lungs?
pulmonary arterys
which vein returns blood form the lungs to the heart?
pulmonary veins
what is the braciocephalic trunk? (first branch of aorta)
splits inro right common carotid artery and right subcalvian artery
what is the second branch of aorta?
lest common carotid artery
what is the third branch of the aorta?
left subclavian artery
what do auricles do?
fill with blood and allow expansion of the atria
where is the base of the heart?
left atrium
what is the coronary sinus?
- separates base from the inferior surface (atira from ventricles)
it drains blood
what is the posterior intraventricular groove?
separates ventricles
what is the real first branch of the aorta?
coronary arteries
where is the posterior interventricular artery?
loops round the back of the heart
where is the right marginal artery?
in coronary groove
where is teh left coronary artyer?
between pulonary trunk and left auricle - short
what is the circumflex?
loops round the heart of left and joins to posterior interventricular artery
where is the left anterior interventricular artery?
right branch of the left coronary artery
what is the lateral branch?
right branch of left coronary artery
where is the left marginal artery?
left branch right branch of left coronary artery
what is the interatrial septum?
the part of the septum between 2 atria
what is te interventricular septum?
the part of the septum between 2 venticles
where is the tricuspid valve?
between right atrium and right vantiricle
where is pulmonary valve?
between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
where is mitrial valve?
between left arium and left ventricle
were is aortic valve ?
between left ventricle and the aorta
what does the tricuspid look like?
it has anterior, posterior and septal cusps
where do right and left coronary arteries originate form?
holes in the aortic valve
what does the moderator band do?
ensures 3 cusps of tricuspid band close at the same time
what is thoracic outlet syndrome?
- compression of veins/arteries + brachial plexus
- leads to vascular symptoms and neurological symptoms
- at the thoracic inlet
which part of the aorta is located in the middle mediastinum?
- ascending aorta
what is the role of the azygous vein?
- drainage of intercostal spaces
- it crosses over the root of the lung
where is the aortic hiatus located?
- in the abdominal aorta
pink area draining system
- right arm and head
- into right thoracic duct which then drains into the right venous angle
grey area draining system
- rest of body
- thoracic duct drains lymph into left venous angle
what is the ligamentum arteriosum?
extends from arch of aorta to pulmonary trunk
what drains into the right venous angle?
right thoracic duct