Antibiotics/autoimmune disease Flashcards Preview

Biology module 4 > Antibiotics/autoimmune disease > Flashcards

Flashcards in Antibiotics/autoimmune disease Deck (16)
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1
Q

What is autoimmune disease?

A

When your own immune system attacks your body.
Antibodies attach to our own antigens
B or T cells specific to our own antigens are normally destroyed, this hasn’t happened.

2
Q

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases?

A
Type 1 diabetes - cells in pancreas that make insulin are destroyed
Arthritis - Attacks joints
Lupus
Coeliac disease
Crohn's disease
Multiple sclerosis - destroys nerves
3
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Chemicals that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria by preventing essential processes in bacterial cells

4
Q

What does penicillin do?

A

Inhibits cell wall production so bacteria can’t resist the turgor pressure and bursts.

5
Q

What happens to bacteria in a hypertonic solution when it has a cell wall?

A

It becomes turgid

6
Q

What happens to bacteria in a hypertonic solution when it doesn’t have a cell wall?

A

Osmotic lysis (cell bursts because of osmosis increasing the turgor pressure)

7
Q

What part of bacteria can make it antibiotic resistant?

A

A plasmid (contains extra genes, some of which can be antibiotic resistant genes)

8
Q

What are the 6 ways bacteria prevent antibiotics from killing it?

A
Antibiotic destroying enzyme
Antibiotic altering enzyme
Change antibiotic - inactivate it
Prevent antibiotic entering the cell
Change the target of the antibiotic
Pump the antibiotic out of the cell
9
Q

What are the 2 ways bacteria can spread antibiotic resistance?

A

Mutation-reproduction

Conjugation tubes

10
Q

Describe how mutation can spread antibiotic resistance

A

Bacteria reproduces by binary fission
Mutation may occur making some antibiotic resistant
Antibiotics kills all non-antibiotic resistant strains
Resistant strains survive and they reproduce

11
Q

Describe how conjugation tubes spread antibiotic resistance

A

Some bacteria can pass plasmids to other bacteria

If plasmids have resistance gene then both bacteria are now resistant

12
Q

What are the positives of antibiotics?

A

Treat diseases that used to be deadly
Millions of lives have been saved
Can target features specific to prokaryotes so don’t har, own body cells
Can prescribe several different antibiotics to reduce probability of resistance developing
Infection rates of some diseases have dropped due to better hygiene in hospitals
Some antibiotics are only used for resistant strains

13
Q

What are the negatives of antibiotics?

A

The more we use them the more resistance will develop
Farmers sometimes use them in food for animals so animals have lots of resistant bacteria
TB already kills millions, resistant strains are now being developed
Bacteria pass antibiotic resistance via conjugation tubes
Only 1 new antibiotic has been discovered since 1987

14
Q

Which drugs help autoimmune disease?

A

Immunosuppressant drugs - decrease the immune response to the body’s own cells

15
Q

Why are antibodies specific to nuclear proteins not normally made?

A

Nuclear proteins are normally hidden in the nucleus

16
Q

What are 2 natural sources of medicines?

A

Plants

Microorganisms