Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1 Flashcards Preview

Principles of Disease > Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1 > Flashcards

Flashcards in Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 1 Deck (48)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What is a bactericidal?

A

Antimicrobial that kills bacteria.

2
Q

What is a bacteriostatic?

A

Antimicrobial that inhibits growth of bacteria.

3
Q

What is a sensitive organism?

A

Inhibited or killed by antimicrobial available at site of infection.

4
Q

What is a resistant organism?

A

Not inhibited or killed by antimicrobial available at the site of infection.

5
Q

What does MIC stand for?

A

Minimal Inhibitory Concentration

6
Q

What is MIC?

A

Minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to inhibit visible growth.

7
Q

What does MBC stand for?

A

Minimal bactericidal concentration.

8
Q

What is MBC?

A

Minimum concentration of antimicrobial needed to kill a given organism.

9
Q

What are the 3 routes of administration?

A

Topical
Systemic
Parenteral

10
Q

How are topical routes administered?

A

Applied to a surface

11
Q

How are systemic routes administered?

A

Taken internally, either orally or parenterally.

12
Q

How are parenteral routes administered?

A

Either intravenously or intramuscularly.

13
Q

What will inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

Penicillin

14
Q

Why are humans not affected by antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis?

A

They don’t have a cell wall.

15
Q

What can glycopeptides do to gram negative organisms?

A

Nothing

16
Q

How are glycopeptides given?

A

Parenterly

17
Q

What type of bacteria do aminoglycosides affect?

A

Serious gram-negative infections.

18
Q

What reaction do aminoglycosides inhibit?

A

Protein synthesis

19
Q

What are a useful alternative to penicillins in treatment of gram-positive infections?

A

Macrolides

20
Q

What are staph. aureus, strep pyogenes and strep pneumoniae highly resistant to?

A

Tetracyclines

21
Q

How can oxazolidinones be given?

A

Orally

22
Q

What does daptomycin, cyclic lipopeptide, work actively against?

A

Gram positive (MRSA in particular).

23
Q

How do antibiotics inhibit nucleic acid synthesis?

A

Interrupting the supply of precursors.

24
Q

What is trimethoprim commonly used for?

A

UTIs

25
Q

How are fluoroquinolones taken?

A

Orally and parenterally

26
Q

How do fluoroquinolones attack DNA?

A

Directly

27
Q

What type of bacteria do fluoroquinolones work against?

A

Gram negative

28
Q

What type of bacteria is ciprofloxacin effective against?

A

Gram negative

29
Q

Who can’t get ciprofloxacin?

A

Children

30
Q

In some cases all strains can be naturally resistant to antibiotics. True or false?

A

True

31
Q

What is strep always resistant to?

A

Vancomycin

32
Q

What is required to test sensitivity?

A

Laboratory sensitivity testing.

33
Q

What is a spontaneous mutation?

A

Change in structure of function which no longer allows antibiotic to act.

34
Q

What is spread of resistance?

A

Gene for resistance spread from organism to organism or species to species. Can be carried on plasmids or transposons.

35
Q

What does widespread use of antibiotics cause?

A

Selective advantage

36
Q

What are beta-lactamases?

A

Bacterial enzymes which cleave the beta-lactam ring of the antibiotic and render it inactive.

37
Q

What hospital strains produce beta-lactamase?

A

Staph aureus

38
Q

What type of bacteria are beta-lactamase common in?

A

Gram-negative

39
Q

What are the two ways to combat beta-lactamase?

A

Introduce a second component to protect the antibiotic from enzyme degradation.
Modify antibiotic side chain to produce new antibiotic resistance.

40
Q

What produces extended spectrum beta-lactamase?

A

Gram negative organisms.

41
Q

What are some gram negative organisms becoming resistant to?

A

Carbapenems

42
Q

How do microorganisms develop resistance to beta-lactams?

A

Changing their structure of their penicillin binding proteins.

43
Q

What is the biggest case of PBP changing?

A

MRSA

44
Q

What does MRSA produce?

A

Beta-lactamase

45
Q

What is MRSA resistant to?

A

Penicillins

46
Q

What type of bacteria have become resistant to vancomycin?

A

Enterococci

47
Q

What happens in vancomycin resistant enterococci?

A

Peptidoglycan precursor which is normally bound to has an altered structure.

48
Q

What type of bacteria is rarely vancomycin resistant?

A

Gram positive