B1 Flashcards Preview

Biology Cards > B1 > Flashcards

Flashcards in B1 Deck (99)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

What are the 5 food groups?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, fibre & vitamins/minerals

2
Q

what do fats and carbohydrates do?

A

release energy (+keep you warm)

3
Q

What are proteins needed for?

A

Cell growth, repair and replacement

4
Q

what is Fibre needed for?

A

to keep everything moving smoothly through the digestive system

5
Q

What are vitamins/minerals needed for?

A

to keep skin, bones and blood healthy

6
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

the speed at which chemical reactions take place inside the cytoplasm to release energy from the food.

7
Q

What factors vary the speed of metabolic rate?

A
  • gender
  • age
  • muscle to fat proportion
  • genetics
8
Q

What are the factors affecting health?

A

unbalanced diet, exercise and inheritance

9
Q

What can obesity cause?

A

arthritis, diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease and some kinds of cancer

10
Q

What can too much fat cause?

A

increases blood cholesterol

11
Q

What can too much salt cause?

A

high blood pressure and heart problems

12
Q

What can malnourishment cause?

A

slow growth, fatigue, poor infection resistance

13
Q

What is Bacteria?

A

small cells that reproduce rapidly inside your body while damaging cells and producing toxins

14
Q

What is a virus?

A

not cells but things that invade your cells and replicate themselves. The cell will then burst releasing new viruses and making you feel ill.

15
Q

What things help prevent pathogens entering your body?

A

skin, mucus and hair

16
Q

How do white blood cells get rid of microbes?

A

1) engulf the pathogen and digest it.
2) produce antibodies
3) produce antitoxins which counteract toxins produced by bacteria

17
Q

How do antibodies work?

A
  • the bacteria has a unique surface (antigen)
  • when white blood cells come across foreign antigens the produce proteins called antibodies to lock into and destroy the invading cell
18
Q

How is a person immune?

A

if their white blood cells have produced antibodies for the same antigen before the white blood cell will ‘remember’ them and will be produced more rapidly when needed.

19
Q

what is vaccination?

A

the injection of dead or inactive micro-organisms

20
Q

What is the difference between painkillers and antibiotics?

A

painkillers relieve the symptoms whereas antibiotics kill the bacteria

21
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that has grown resistant to antibiotics?

A

MRSA

22
Q

What did semmelweise find out?

A

he believed that doctors were spreading diseases on their unwashed hands so he made them wash them in a antiseptic solution which cut the death rate.

23
Q

what are the 5 sense organs?

A

1) Eyes
2) Ears
3) Nose
4) Tongue
5) Skin

24
Q

What are the 5 receptors?

A

1) Light receptors
2) Sound and balance receptors
3) Smell receptors
4) Taste receptors
5) Sensitive to touch, pressure, pain and temperature

25
Q

What is a relay neurone?

A

The nerve cells that carry signals from the sensory neurone to the motor neurone

26
Q

What is a sensory neurone?

A

The nerve cells that carry signals from the receptors in the sense organs to the central nervous system.

27
Q

What is a motor neurone?

A

the nerve cells that carry signals from the central nervous system to the effector muscles or glands

28
Q

What is an effector?

A

respond differently (e.g. muscles contract and glands secret hormones)

29
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

a change in environment

30
Q

What is the synapse?

A

the connection between 2 neurones, the nerve signal is transferred by chemicals which diffuse across the gap.

31
Q

What does the body need to control?

A

ion content, water content, blood sugar and temperature

32
Q

How is water lost?

A

by sweating, breathing and urinating

33
Q

What is FSH?

A

a hormone produced in the pituitary gland.

causes eggs to mature and stimulates the production of oestrogen

34
Q

What is LH?

A

a hormone produced in the pituitary gland.

causes eggs to be released

35
Q

What is oestrogen?

A

a hormone produced in the ovaries

stimulates the production of LH and prohibits the production of FSH

36
Q

How does IVF work?

A

LH and FSH are given then eggs are collected. They are fertilised in a lab and when it becomes a tiny ball of cells it is transferred into the womens uterus.

37
Q

What is a hormone?

A

a chemical messenger sent in the blood

38
Q

What are the two tropisms caused by auxin

A

phototropism and geotropism

39
Q

How can plant hormones be used in agriculture?

A

They can be used to kill and grow plants (fertiliser)

40
Q

in the roots auxin acculumates

A

near moisture, with gravity inhibiting growth

41
Q

in the shoots auxin acculmulates

A

in the shade,with gravity causing elongation

42
Q

What is a drug?

A

a substance that changes the chemical makeup of the body

43
Q

what are the three types of drug?

A

medicinal, Recreational and performance enhancing

44
Q

What are the 3 stages of drug testing?

A

1) tested on human cells and tissues in the lab
2) testing drugs on live animals( to see if its toxic, if it workds and correct dosages)
3) Testing on healthy human volunteers in a clinical trial

45
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

is when the drug and the placebo are given but neither the doctors or patients know if they have the drug or not.

46
Q

What is thalidomide?

A

A drug intended as a sleeping pill and was found to be effective for treating morning sickness in pregnant women.
Unfortunately it had not been tested for this and cause abnormal limb development.
it is now being used to treat leprosy

47
Q

How are cannabis and hard drug use connected?

A
  • stepping stone drug (desire to try new drugs)
  • gateway drug (bring the users in to contact with hard drug dealers)
  • certain people are more likely to take drugs generally.
48
Q

The effect of legal drugs such as smoking and alcohol may be biggere because more people use them. what are these effects?

A
  • disease (lung cancer and liver disease)
  • causes accidents e.g. car accidents
  • causes sorrow and depression
49
Q

What are anabolic steroids?

A

drugs used to increase muscle size

50
Q

What are stimulants?

A

Drugs that increase the heart rate.

51
Q

What are statins?

A

prescribed drugs that lower the risk of heart disease

52
Q

What are the positives of performance enhancing drugs?

A

sport isn’t fair anyway (e.g. equipment, coaches) and athletes should be able to decide on their own

53
Q

What are the negatives of performance enhancing drugs?

A

unfair if people gain an advantage and the athletes may not be informed of the health issues.

54
Q

What is variation?

A

when organisms of the same species have differences e.g. heights
The variation can be caused by genes or by the environment

55
Q

what is inside a cell?

A

nucleus -> chromosomes (23 pairs) -> gene -> DNA

56
Q

What is sexual reproduction?

A

has 2 parents and a mixture of genes.

is the fusions of the female and male gametes

57
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

has 1 parent and no fusion of gametes, creates genetically identical clones

58
Q

How can you clone plants?

A

cuttings and tissue culture

59
Q

What is an embryo transplant?

A

where gametes are chosen from prize stock and fertilised the embryos are then implanted into cows for ideal offspring.

60
Q

What is adult cell cloning?

A

where an egg cell has its genetic material removed and replaced with the nucleus of a body cell. it is given an electric shock to start the division process.

61
Q

What are the issues of cloning?

A

reduced gene pool

not as healthy

62
Q

What are enzymes used to do?

A

cut an paste genes

63
Q

What are the pros of GM crops?

A

pros: increased yield & contains more nutrients

64
Q

What is the theory of evolution?

A

billions of years ago life on earth began as simple organisms from which all the more complex organisms evolved.

65
Q

What is an evolutionary relationship?

A

how living things are related

66
Q

What is an ecological relationship?

A

how living things living with each other (e.g. sharks and dolphins)

67
Q

What is Darwins theory of natural selection?

A

1) individuals within a species show variation because of differences in their genes
2) individuals with characteristics that make them better suited to the environment have a better chance of survival so are more likely to breed successfully
3) therefore the good genes are passed on to the next generation

68
Q

Evolution can occur due to …

A

mutations

69
Q

Why was Darwin’s Theory not believed?

A

because it went against religion, there wasn’t enough evidence and they didn’t know about genes.

70
Q

What did Lamarks theory say?

A

that characteristics were developed during an organisms life time and passed down to the next generation

71
Q

What was Thalidomide originally intended for?

A

sleeping pills

72
Q

What was Thalidomide found to be useful for?

A

morning sickness in pregnant women (and later leprosy)

73
Q

What did Thalidomide cause in babies?

A

abnormal limp development

74
Q

What happens when a person becomes dependent on a drug?

A

changes to chemical processes

75
Q

What is an independent company?

A

Another company that is not involved in the process of making something

76
Q

Why are data loggers good?

A
  • continuous readings
    • do not need to be there
    • (more likely to be) accurate
    • reduces human error
77
Q

How is something genetically modified?

A
• wanted gene cut out using enzymes 
• (gene) transferred to
chromosome
• at an early stage of
development
78
Q

what are statins?

A
  • used to lower the risk of heart and circulatory disease
79
Q

How can you reduce the amount of antibiotic resistant bacteria?

A

reduce the number of anti-biotics used especially for non-serious viral/infectious disease

80
Q

What are the living factors what cause population changes

A
  • infectious disease
  • number of predators
  • availability of food
  • number or types of competitors
81
Q

What is a gene?

A

a short length of the chromosome which controls the characteristics for development

82
Q

What is a balanced diet?

A

The right amount of each amount of food provides the correct amount of energy for individual peoples needs

83
Q

What is a Chromosome?

A

carry genes. 23 pairs

84
Q

difference between nerves and hormones?

A

nerves are fast hormones are slow

nerves act for a short time hormones act for a long time

nerves act on a precise area hormones act on a general area

85
Q

What are the cons of GM crops?

A

cons: affect wild plants, may not be safe, genes may find there way into weeds which may grow to be resistant.

86
Q

pros of IVF?

A

helps women get pregnant

87
Q

cons of IVF

A
  • doesnt always work
  • multiple pregnacies
  • expenisve
88
Q

pros of contraceptive pill?

A

effective at preventing pregnancy

reduces risk of getting some types of cancer

89
Q

cons of contraceptive pill?

A

side effects such a nausea and fluid retention

doesn’t protect against stds

90
Q

how are desert animals adapted?

A

large surface area compared to volume
efficient with water (don’t sweat/ concentrated urine)
thin layers of body fat
camoflague

91
Q

How are desert plants adapted?

A

small surface area compared to volume
water storage tissues
maximising water absorbtion

92
Q

How are arctic animals adapted?

A

small surface area compared to volume
well insulated
comoflague

93
Q

what do plants need to survive?

A

light, space, water and mineral

94
Q

What do animals need from the soil?

A

space, food, water and mates

95
Q

What does lichen indicate?

A

level of pollution (lots of lichen shows clean air with little sulfur)

96
Q

What does mayfly larvae indicate?

A

clean water

97
Q

What do sludgeworms or maggots indicate?

A

very high level of water pollution

98
Q

How can you clone plants with cuttings?

A

gardeners take cuttings from a good parent plant which produced genetically identical copies. it is quick and cheap.

99
Q

How can you clone plants using tissue culture?

A

are few plant cells are put into a growth medium with hormones and they grow into new plants. they can be made quickly in very little space and can be done all year