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Flashcards in Background Infor Deck (22)
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1
Q

What is the definition of pharmacology?

A

Study of use of meds to prevent, diagnose, or cure disease

-substances interacting with body’s system through chemical processess

2
Q

What is a drug?

A

Substance that alters physiologic function in an organism

3
Q

What is the goal of pharmacology?

A

To deliver a drug to a target tissue in the easiest most sufficient way to achieve therapeutic effect with minimal side effects.

4
Q

What is the role of PT in pharmacology?

A
  1. Review/monitor med list
  2. Assess how a drug impacts PT participation; fatigue, timing of meds, interactions
  3. Recognize signs and sx of adverse events and impact has on physical intervention
5
Q

3 Different systems to classify/name drugs

A

By Name:

  1. Chemical name
  2. Generic name (acetametaphine)
  3. Trade name (tylenol)

By Therapeutic Classification
ex: decrease blood cholesteral, treat angina

By Pharmacological Classification
ex: lower plasma levels, block Ca channels

6
Q

What is the role of the FDA?

A

Facilitate safe available drug effects, improve health of america, and give clear safe instructions for use

  • safety and efficacy of all drugs defined
  • MUST be demonstrated safe through experiments before approaved
7
Q

What is the research process of FDA clearance

A

Preclearance testing: determine effects and safety

Clinical testing:

  • Phase 1 with healthy to determine safety
  • Phase 2 see if works in patients with disorder
  • Phase 3 does it work double blind

Marketing:
-Phase 4 monitor problems in general population

8
Q

What are the implications of drug approaval?

A

Cost: to companies and patients

Availability: safe and efficacious drugs in US; other countries just require safety

9
Q

Potency and Effectiveness of Drug-Receptor Interactions

A

Drug size/config to binding site:

  • lock and key
  • electrostatic attraction
  • affinity
  • selective

Drug classification

  • agonist
  • partial agonist
  • antagonist
  • mixed-agonist/antagonist

Receptor interaction important for selectivity and dosage/response relationship

10
Q

Drug Selectivity

A

Selective BBlocker

  • affects ONLY heart function; no other systems
  • can interact with specific receptors on target tissue
11
Q

Drug Dose-Response

A

Physiological response to drug dependant on number of receptors bound by the drug

12
Q

Antagonis vs. Agonist

A

Drug binds to receptor/initiates change= agonist
-affinity and efficacy

Antagonist binds to receptor but NO change in cell function

  • blockers
  • only affinity
    ex: BBlocker
13
Q

Drug Safety and Therapeutic Index

A

Establish therapeutic effect in the margin of saftey without reaching toxic effect

ex: Morphine immediate release and then lower dose for maitenance to maintain therapeutic effect

14
Q

What are pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body

  • desired therapeutic effects
  • is med working?
15
Q

What are pharmacokinetics?

A

Physiologic response from body after drug intake

-Administration via absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination

16
Q

Pharmacokinetic routes of administration

A

Enteral

  • via GI tract
  • oral, sublingual, buccal, and rectal
  • buccal/rectal not as effective because have to pass membranes

Parenteral
-via outside GI tract

17
Q

What are factors affecting absorption?

A

Drug solubility

Rate of dissolution

Environment of GI tract

Concentration of drug

Circulation to side of absorption

  • massage, modalities, heat/cold, exercise
  • surface area of tissue absorbing drug
  • lungs and intestines

[ALL have impact on effectiveness and adverse effects]

18
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

Drug going through the system to the liver where it undergoes metabolism

19
Q

4 Factors that influence drug distribution

A
  1. Tissue permebility
    - high lipid sollubility
    - non-lipi solubility
    - blood brain barrier
  2. Blood Flow
    - ability to reach organs that are perfused
    - brain, kidneys, exercising muscle
  3. Binding to plasma proteins
    - reversible bonds to circulating proteins
    - ONLY unbound/free drugs can target tissue
  4. Binding to subcellular components
    - drugs bound within cells can’t be distributed
    - antidepressants
20
Q

4 Places Drugs can be Stored

A
  1. Adipose tissue
    - primary site
    - due to lipid sollubility of many drugs
    - poor perfusion and low metabolic rate
    ex: anesthesia drugs
  2. Bone
    - heavy metals
    - antibiotics
  3. Muscle
    - reversible bonds to intracellular structures
    - anti-malarials
  4. Organs
    - livers and kidneys
    - forms reversible bonds with subcellular components
21
Q

What are possible adverse effects of drug storage?

A

Local tissue damage

  • lead poisonings damage CNS, bone, GI
  • metabolism of acetametaphine in unhealthy liver causes liver damage

General Anesthesia
-dosage adjusted to ensure reaches CNS

Redistribution of drugs from storage

  • prolonged effects/extended adverse reactions
  • anesthesia
22
Q

What are signs/symptoms of an allergic reaction?

A

hives/anaphylaxis shock

  • low BP
  • difficulty breathing
  • lose conciousness
  • shock
  • death