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NEUROLOGY > Basal ganglia and Cerebellum > Flashcards

Basal ganglia and Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

Identify 1.

A

Precentral gyrus.

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2
Q

Identify 2.

A

Central sulcus

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3
Q

Identify 3.

A

Post central gyrus.

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4
Q

Identify 4.

A

Lateral fissure.

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5
Q

Identify 5.

A

Pons.

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6
Q

Identify 6.

A

Medulla.

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7
Q

Identify 7.

A

Cerebellum

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8
Q

Identify 1.

A

The cerebral hemisphere.

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9
Q

Identify 2.

A

Cerebellum

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10
Q

Identify 3

A

Spinal cord.

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11
Q

Identify 4.

A

Medulla.

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12
Q

Identify 5.

A

Pons

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13
Q

Identify 6.

A

Midbrain.

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14
Q

Identify 7.

A

Diencephalon

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15
Q

Identify 1.

A

Primary fissure

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16
Q

Identify 2.

A

Horizontal fissure.

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17
Q

Identify 3.

A

Flocculus.

  • Part of the flocculonodular lobe.
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18
Q

Identify 4.

A

CN V - trigeminal.

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19
Q

Identify 1.

A

Falx cerebri

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20
Q

Identify 2.

A

Tentorium cerebelli

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21
Q

Identify 3.

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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22
Q

Identify 4.

A

Falx cerebelli

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23
Q

The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem via 3 stalks known as?

A

peduncles

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24
Q

The cerebellar cortex is divided into what three layers?

A
  • Molecular layer (outer).
  • Purkinje cell layer (middle).
  • Granule cell layer (inner).
25
Q

Afferent projections to the cerebellum arrive mainly from where?

A
  • Spinal cord.
  • Cerebral cortex.
  • Vestibular apparatus.
26
Q

Afferent projections to the cerebellum are relayed mainly from which parts of the spinal cord?

A

Somatic proprioceptors and pressure receptors.

27
Q

Afferent projections to the cerebellum are relayed from the cerebral cortex via what?

A

The pons

28
Q

Afferent projections to the cerebellum are relayed from the vestibular apparatus via what?

A

The vestibular nuclei

29
Q

Afferent projections to the cerebellum enter via cerebellar peduncles and project mainly to which cell layer?

A

Granule cell layer.

30
Q

Efferent projections of the cerebellum arise from which of its lobes?

A

All three lobes.

31
Q

Output of efferent projections of the cerebellum is via what?

A

Axons of Purkinje cells

32
Q

Axons of purkinje cells of the cerebellum mainly synapse where?

A

Neurons of the deep cerebellar nuclei

33
Q

Efferent projections of the cerebellum contribute to coordinating what?

A

Functions of all of the motor tracts of the brainstem and spinal cord, i.e.

  • Corticospinal
  • Vestibulospinal
  • Rubrospinal
34
Q

Most efferent axons of deep cerebellar nuclei cross the midline to synapse where?

A

The thalamus

35
Q

After efferent axons of deep cerebellar nuclei synapse in the thalamus, where does the thalamus then send fibres?

A

To the motor cortex

36
Q

Cerebellar hemispheres influence which side of the body?

A

The ispilateral side.

37
Q

Lesions of the right cerebral hemisphere will cause signs and symptoms on which side of the body?

A

The right side.

Cerebral hemispheres influence ipsilateral side of body.

38
Q

A unilateral hemispheric lesion of the cerebellum will result in what?

A

Disturbance of coordination in the limbs.

e.g. intention tremor, unsteady gait +/- weakness/sensory loss.

39
Q

Bilateral cerebellar dysfunction results in what?

A

Slower, slurred speech - Dysarthria.

  • Bilateral incoordinatino of the arms.
  • Staggering, wide based gait - cerebellar ataxia.
40
Q

Acute alcohol exposure typically has what effect on the cerebellum?

A

Bilateral cerebellar hemisphere dysfunction presenting as cerebellar ataxia i.e. a staggering, wide-based gait.

41
Q

A midline lesion of the cerebellum will cause disturbances to what?

A

Postural control.

  • e.g. Patient will tend to fall over when standing or sitting despite preserved limb coordination.
42
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A
  • facilitate purposeful movement.
  • inhibit unwanted movement.
  • contributes to posture and tone.
43
Q

What is the basal ganglia composed of?

A
  • Caudate nucleus.
  • Putamen.
  • Globus pallidus.
  • Subthalamic nucleus.
  • Substantia nigra.
44
Q

The putamen and globus pallidus form what?

A

Lenticular nucleus

45
Q

The caudate nucleus and putamen form what?

A

Striatum

46
Q

The caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus form what?

A

Corpus striatum.

47
Q

Masses of grey matter located near the base of each cerebral hemisphere.

A

Basal ganglia.

48
Q

Describe the pathology of Parkinson’s disease.

A

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.

49
Q

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra.

A

Parkinson’s disease

50
Q

The basal ganglia and the motor cortex enhance normal movement by what?

A

The direct pathway.

51
Q

How does the direct pathway allow the basal ganglia to work with the motor cortex to enhance normal movement?

A

By enhancing thalamus outflow to enhance desired movement.

52
Q

How do the basal ganglia and motor cortex suppress unwanted movement?

A

The indirect pathway.

53
Q

How does the indirect pathway allow the basal ganglia and motor cortex to suppress unwanted movement?

A

By inhibiting the outflow of the thalamus.

54
Q

Unilateral lesions of the basal ganglia affect which side of the body?

A

The contralateral side.

55
Q

Lesions of the basal ganglia generally do NOT cause what?

A
  • Paralysis.
  • Sensory loss.
  • Loss of power.
  • Ataxia.
56
Q

Lesions of the basal ganglia cause what motor signs?

A
  • Changes in muscle tone.
  • Dyskinesias (abnormal involuntary movements) e.g. tremor, chorea, myoclonus.
57
Q

Name three types of dyskinesias caused by lesions of the basal ganglia.

A

Tremor, chorea, myoclonus.

58
Q
A

NEUROLOGY (43 decks)

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