Basal Ganglia and Thalamus Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Basal Ganglia and Thalamus Deck (40)
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0
Q

Why is it called white matter?

A

Myelination —> glistening white appearance

1
Q

Masses of gray matter found deep within the cortical white matter

Area of the brain that can help modify, integrate, enhance, lessen the gross motor movements

Other fxns:
Regulate somatomotor activity by means of numerous feedback circuits with each other and ultimately with the cerebral cortex

A

Basal ganglia

Neurons in the basal ganglia

DAMAGE: produce extrapyramidal movement syndromes

2
Q

Putamen + globus pallidus

Looks like the lens of the eye when put together

A

Lentiform nucleus

3
Q

Where do our neurons come from?

A

Primitive stem cells lie near ventricular wall. They migrate.

Stem cells left behind in the subcortical area -> gray matter in the basal ganglia

Are they interconnected? Or kalat-kalat? Anatomically not together, but in terms of function, closely interconnected with one another

Do they relate to neurons in the cerebral cortex? YES

4
Q

Most modern trunk?/tract in our body

A

Corticospinal tract, aka pyramidal tract

5
Q

More functions of the basal ganglia

A
Integrates feeling and movement
Suppress unwanted motor behavior
Allow feelings of pleasure and ecstasy
Enhances motivation
Shifts and smoothes fine motor behavior
Initiates internally generated movement (but can be overtaken by the cerebral cortex)
6
Q

Does the basal ganglia reçeives input from the spinal cord?

A

Unfortunately, NONE

7
Q

Caudate nucleus + Putamen

A

Striatum

8
Q

Lentiform nucleus + Caudate nucleus

A

Corpus striatum

9
Q

Internal capsule. Where from?

A

All the processes in Area 4 (Brodmann’s classification)

Part of the corticospinal tract

10
Q

Lateral to the external capsule is a thin sheet of gray matter called?

A

Calustrum

External to it: Extreme capsule (white matter)

vs

Corpus striatum: gray matter

11
Q

True sexual arousal will always start from where?

A

Above (brain)

Which part? Hypothalamus!

12
Q

Site of pyramidal decussation

A

Medulla

Implication: Lesion in the right, felt on the left

13
Q

Pain and temperature is mediated by…

A

Spinothalamic tract

14
Q

Sensation, proprioception

Mediated by?

A

Fasciculus gracilis
Fasciculus cuneatus

(Ascending tracts) - from senses to the brain

15
Q

Most supreme of all the tracts

A

Corticospinal tract / Pyramidal fiber tract

Other tracts are labeled as extrapyramidal tract

16
Q

Identify

Carry melanin pigments -> reason for pigmented appearance

A

Substantia nigra - dopaminergic (inhibitory)

*dopamine- both excitatory and inhibitory

Subthalamic nuclei - glutaminergic (excitatory)

17
Q

Connection of basal ganglia with the cerbral cortex

DIRECT

A

Cortex -> Caudate and putamen -> Ext and int globus pallidus -> Thalamus -> Cortex

18
Q

What pathway facilitates movement?

EXCITATORY

A

Direct

Dopamine acts on D1 receptors

19
Q

What pathway inhibits movement?

A

Indirect (makes sidetrips to substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus)

20
Q

Melanin pigments in substatia nigra

What pars?

A

Pars compacta

21
Q

Inhibitory or excitatory?

Glutamate
GABA

A

Excitation
Inhibition (much produced)

We go trough a series of inhibition and excitation
Output is where the series ends

22
Q

REMEMBER

A

Not all neurotransmitters are excitatory

23
Q

Most abundant neurotransmitter in the brain?

In the basal ganglia?

A

Glutamate

GABA

24
Q

What structure is intimately connected with spinal cord to modulate movement?

A

Cerebellum

Spinocerebellar tract

25
Q

Hyperkinetic movement

Quick, lightning-fast movements of face and upper extremities

A

Tic

26
Q

Hyperkinetic movement

Oscillatory, rythmic, regular movement affecting one or more body parts

A

Tremor

27
Q

Hyperkinetic movement
Involuntary, irregular, purposeless, non-rythmic, abrupt, rapid, unsustaomed movements that seem to flow from one body part to another

A

Chorea

28
Q

Hyperkinetic movement

Slow, writing, continuous involuntary movement

A

Athetosis

29
Q

Hyperkinetic movement
Twisting movements that tend to be sustained at the peak of movement, frequently repetitive and often progress to prolonged abnormal postures

A

Dystonia

30
Q

Hyperkinetic

Sudden, brief, shock-like involuntary movements caused by muscular contractions

A

Myoclonus

31
Q

Hypokinetic movement

Seen in shizophrenia, development of fixed postures, retention of limbs for an indefinite period of time

A

Catatonia

32
Q

Hypokinetic movement

Includes fatigue…

A

Hypothyroidism

33
Q
Hypokinetic movement 
TRAP:
Tremors at rest
Rigidity
Akinesia / bradykinesia
Postural instability (propulsion and retropulsion)

Nonmotor impairment: cognitive, hallucinations, delusions, sleep disturbances

A

Parkinson’s disease

34
Q

Releases melatonin

A

Pineal gland

35
Q

Processes all somatic sensory information namely pain, temperature, light touch, position and vibration

ALL modalities of sensation except olfactory (CN 1)
Final relay station before reaching the primary cortex

A

Thalamus

36
Q

Pain sensation of face

A

Ventral posterior nucleus of thalamus

37
Q

Function of the central nuclei

A

Receives input from ARAS (Ascending reticular..)

38
Q

Seat of our consciousness

A

Reticular formation of the thalamus

39
Q

Other name of pre-motor cortex

A

Supplementary motor cortex