What is the aka (and actual name) for basal ganglia?
BASAL NUCLEI
there are 6 basal nuclei with diff fx, but RMTs group
Name the 8 dysfunctions of the basal ganglia?
- AKINESIA / BRADYKINESIA
- RESTING TREMOR
- POSTURE DYSFUNCTIONS
- INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
- RIGIDITY
- FESTINATION / FESTINATING GAIT
- HYPOKINESIA
- ABSENT OF GRACE / EFFICIENCY IN MOVEMENT
Name the first 4 dysfunctions of the basal ganglia?
- AKINESIA / BRADYKINESIA
- RESTING TREMOR
- POSTURE DYSFUNCTIONS
- INVOLUNTARY MOVEMENTS
Name the final 4 dysfunctions of the basal ganglia?
- RIGIDITY
- FESTINATION / FESTINATING GAIT
- HYPOKINESIA
- ABSENT OF GRACE / EFFICIENCY IN MOVEMENT
What is an “inability to initiate movement” called?
basal ganglia
AKINESIA
What is “slow movement initiation” called?
BRADYKINESIA
How can the basal ganglia dysfunction, akinesia (inability to initiate movement), be short-circuited using the cerebellum?
USE CEREBELLUM
to
MAKE THE INITIATION MORE COMPLEX
The basal ganglia movement dysfunctions involve difficulty starting or stopping and/or changing course; often includes moments of ___________ at the need for a start/change in the action.
FREEZING
Describe “resting tremors”?
basal ganglia
BODY PART TREMORS WHEN NOT ENGAGED IN PURPOSEFUL ACTIVITY
What are the three postural dysfunctions associated with basal ganglia dysfunctions?
- POSTURAL TREMOR - body tremors after holding position for a brief time.
- FREQUENT FALLS - d/t impaired righting reflex, maybe loss of arm swing when walking
- POSTURAL COLLAPSE - actions which require stabilization of trunk shoulder
TRUE or FALSE
Postural tremors cause muscles to fatigue quickly.
TRUE
Name the aka for postural collapse?
Debra’s relative
TRUNCAL COLLAPSE
Postural collapse happens in which direction?
FORWARD
Name the 6 “involuntary movements” in regards to basal ganglia dysfunctions?
- TIC
- DYSKINESIA
- DYSTONIA
- ATHETOSIS
- CHOREA
- BALLISM
Describe the involuntary movement TIC?
basal ganglia
BRIEF, RAPID, SPECIFIC CONTRACTION \+ OFTEN IN FACE / THROAT \+ MAY BE SINGLE OR OCCUR IN A SERIES
The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction “dyskinesia” involves body parts or full body cycling through what?
(Often circular or swaying quality (Mike J Foxx))
CONTINUOUS MOVEMENT LOOP
The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction “dystonia” involves which involuntary body part action?
BODY PART MIGRATES INTO POSITION,
OFTEN AT EXTREME END OF RANGE,
AND FREEZES THERE FOR A PERIOD OF TIME
The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction ______________ involves bilateral movements, where the parts move with each other in a writhing, _________ like action.
ATHETOSIS
+
SNAKE
Athetosis usually involves bilateral movements of which parts of the body?
WRISTS or ANKLES or LEGS
The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction ______________ involves body parts or full body movements that are a sequence of actions occurring along the part, often called what?
CHOREA
+
DANCE
(Think MJ thriller)
The basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction ______________ involves explosive, large scale movements of body parts?
BALLISM
ie - flailing arm out uncontrollably
Name the basal ganglia involuntary movement dysfunction which is a result of simultaneous concentric contraction of the agonist and antagonist?
RIGIDITY
What is the result of the “rigidity” shortening strength battle?
(basal ganglia)
HOLDING POSITION REFLECTS STRONGEST MUSCLE
Name the 2 presentations of rigidity in the limbs?
basal ganglia
- LEADPIPE
2. COGWHEEL
Which type of rigidity of the limbs is presented as continuous resistance to movement?
(basal ganglia)
LEADPIPE
Which type of rigidity of the limbs is presented as intermittent resistance (start/stop movements along a range)?
(basal ganglia)
COGWHEEL
How does rigidity present itself in the face?
basal ganglia
PARKINSONIAN MASK
Because of equal strength relationships in facial expression, rigidity causes what?
(basal ganglia)
ABSENCE OF EXPRESSION
99 % of expressions are _____________.
REFLEXIVE
What do RMTs need to be aware of regarding rigidity?
basal ganglia
CANNOT SIGNAL DISCOMFORT
+
CHOKING/RESPIRATION RISK (esp supine)
How does rigidity present itself in respiration?
basal ganglia
WEAKENS DIAPHRAGM ACTION \+ REDUCES RIBCAGE EXCURSION \+ ALTERS INHALE / EXHALE RHYTHM
A person experiencing rigidity due to a basal ganglia dysfunction, would have an __________ breathing tendency, and ___________, especially with exertion / stress.
APICAL - (upper chest breathing)
+
DYSPNEA - (sudden short breath)
Name the 2 ways rigidity presents itself in the GI tract?
- CONSTIPATION - atonic (from loss of tone)
- DYSPHAGIA - difficulty swallowing
/ APHAGIA - inability to swallow
What is the “shuffling” dysfunction of the basal ganglia formerly known as?
FESTINATION
or
FESTINATING GAIT
With a dysfunction of the basal ganglia, and difficulty starting gait, what may a person tend to do in order to engage the cerebellum instead?
THROW UPPER BODY FORWARD
How does festinating gait appear?
(6)
(basal ganglia)
ABSENT ARM SWING \+ NO KNEE LIFT (STRAIGHT KNEE) \+ FLAT FOOTED \+ PICKS UP SPEED \+ DIFFICULTY STOPPING / CHANGING COURSE \+ FALLS EASILY
What is hypokinesia?
basal ganglia
SLOW MOVEMENT
A person with basal ganglia dysfunction will be absent of grace, often very ___________ by small amounts of activity.
FATIGUED
TRUE or FALSE?
Basal ganglia is mostly inherited.
TRUE