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Neuroanatomy > Basal Nuclei- added paths > Flashcards

Basal Nuclei- added paths Flashcards

1
Q

What structure is similar in structure and function to GPi?

A

substantia nigra pars reticulata

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2
Q

What are the fibers called from the striatum to the pars reticulata?

A

striatonigral fibers

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3
Q

What does the pars reticulata inhibit?

A

the VA/VL thalamus with GAGAergic inhibitory neurons

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4
Q

What do neurons of the pars compacta release?

A

Dopamine (DA)

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5
Q

What are the two actions that dopamine produces on the striatum?

A
  1. inhibition via D2 receptors of the indirect pathway

2. excitation via D1 receptors on the striatal neurons of the direct pathway

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6
Q

With both actions of the SNc, what does it promote?

A

thalamic excitation.

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7
Q

neurons of the SNc are inhibited by ______, but excited by _______

A
  • striatal GABAergic input

- cholinergic input from pedunculo-pontine nucleus (PPN)

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8
Q

What is the other role in movement that the PPN has other than facilitating disinhibition of the thalamus?

A

it is one of the brainstem nuclei that contributes to the pontine reticulospinal tract (therefore it can produce descending excitation of the spinal LMN)

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9
Q

What are the four parallel channels of functions involving the basal nuclei?

A
  1. Motor channel
  2. Oculomotor Channel
  3. Prefrontal channel
  4. Limbic channel
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10
Q

What is the motor loop associated with?

A

regulation of voluntary movement

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11
Q

What does the motor loop arise from?

A

supplementary motor cortex and other cortical areas

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12
Q

What does the motor loop regulate?

A

VA/VL thalami and motor cortex excitability via connections through the putamen and the GPi(direct) and the GPe and subthalamus (indirect_

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13
Q

SMA generates readiness that precedes what movements?

A

volitional, self paces, voluntary

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14
Q

Functions associated with the motor channel include?

A
  • initiated by the intention to act
  • preparation, organization and execution of action
  • endogenous generation of responses when environmental stimuli fail to provoke responses
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15
Q

What is the oculomotor channel associated with?

A

regulation of eye movements

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16
Q

What does the oculomotor channel begin in?

A

the SMA & posterior parietal cortex

17
Q

What does the oculomotor channel project via?

A

caudate nucleus, GPi and SNr

18
Q

What does the oculomotor channel regulate?

A

excitability of VA and DM thalamic nuclei.

19
Q

What are the cortical targets (output) of the oculomotor channel?

A

prefrontal areas in the vicinity of the frontal eye fields

20
Q

What are the oculomotor channel functions?

A
  • higher order control of eye movements
  • orientation of eyes toward specific objects in the environment
  • implicated in visual exploration and visual learning
21
Q

What is the prefrontal channel associated with?

A

cognition

22
Q

Where is input from in the prefrontal channel?

A

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

23
Q

from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, where does the prefrontal channel go?

A

the head of the caudate

24
Q

In the prefrontal channel, what does the caudate influence?

A

the GPi and SNr to regulate excitability of the VA and DM thalamic nuclei (then the nuclei project to the prefrontal cortex)

25
Q

Functions of the prefrontal channel

A
  • processing information about fairness of decision making
  • trusting in “fair” decisions and those who make them
  • ‘altruistic punishment’- the desire to punish violations of social norms even when we have not been personally wronged
  • regulation of “worry”
26
Q

What is the limbic channel associated with?

A

regulation of emotions and motivational drives

27
Q

Where does input of the limbic channel come from?

A

temporal cortex, hippocampus and amygdyla

28
Q

What are the inputs of the limbic channel via?

A

nucleus accumbens, ventral putamen, and caudate

29
Q

What are the input locations of limbic channel connected to for output?

A

GPi

30
Q

where does the output of the limbic channel go to?

A

DM of thalamus

31
Q

of the limbic channel, what does the DM project to?

A

anterior cingulate cortex and orbitofrontal cortex

32
Q

Limbic channel functions include?

A
  • evaluation of personal actions and environmental resources
  • social, behavioral and affective self regulation
  • might be channel implicated in excessive gambling seen in Parkinson’s pts on L-Dopa and dopamine agonists

Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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