Basic Principles

Question 1

Musculoskeletal (C5,6):

Answer 1

muscles: coraco, biceps, brachialis

-sensory: anterolateral forearm

-paralysis: loss forearm flexion when supinated, weak supination

Question 2

Axillary (C5,6):

Answer 2

-muscle: deltoid, teres minor

-sensory: lateral arm over lower portion of deltoid

-paralysis: no shoulder abduction, weak ER

Question 3

Radial (C5-T1):

Answer 3

-muscle: triceps, anconeus, brachiorad, supinator, wrist/fing/thumb extension

-sensory: posterior arm/forearm, radial side of posterior hand

-paralysis: lose elbow, wrist, finger, and thumb extension

Question 4

Median (C6-T1):

Answer 4

-muscle: pronators, radial side wrist/finger flexors, most thumb muscles

-sensory: palmar 1-4th (half of 4th) fingers

-paralysis: loss forearm pronation, thumb opposition/flex/abduction

Question 5

Ulnar (C7-T1):

Answer 5

-muscle: FCU, medial FDP, interossei, 4th/5th lumbricals

-sensory: medial 1/2 4th, 5th finger

-paralysis: lose ulnar deviation, weak wrist/finger flexion (4th and 5th more), loss thumb abduction, loss most intrinsics (claw hand)

Question 6

Sciatic (L4-S3):

Answer 6

-muscle: hamstring and add mag

-sensory: gives to tibial, superficial and deep fib

-paralysis: loss knee flexion, all function below knee, weak hip adduction

Question 7

Femoral (L2-4):

Answer 7

-muscle: sartorius, quads, iliacus, pectineus

-sensory: middle anterior thigh/medial thigh proximal to knee

-paralysis: loss hip flexion and knee extension

Question 8

Tibial (L4-S3):

Answer 8

-muscle: gastroc, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, tibialis posterior

-sensory: posterior/lateral calf, ankle, and heel

-paralysis: loss of PF and supination

Question 9

Superficial Peroneal (L5-S2):

Answer 9

-muscle: fibularis longus and brevis

-sensory: anterior/lateral distal lower leg and ankle, most of dorm foot

-paralysis: loss eversion

Question 10

Deep Peroneal (L4-S2):

Answer 10

-muscle: ant tib, EHL, EDL, peroneal tertious, 1st/2nd interossei, EDB, EHB

-sensory: web space between 2st/2nd toes on dorm

-paralysis: loss DF (drop foot) and weak intrinsics

Question 11

I: Olfactory

Answer 11

-function: smell


-damage: anosmia

Question 12

II: Optic


Answer 12

• function: sight, pupillary reflexes


- damage: monocular blindness, loss pupillary constriction, no blink reflex

Question 13

III: Oculomotor

Answer 13

-function: moves eyes, elevates upper eyelid


-damage: ptosis (drooping), dilation of pupil, loss accommodation to light reflex

Question 14

IV: Trochlear

Answer 14

-function: motor nerve for superior oblique


-damage: diplopia, no up and out rotation

Question 15

V: Trigeminal

Answer 15

-function: mastication and sensory to head


-damage: loss facial sensation, weakness of muscles mastication, deviation of jaw to IPS side

Question 16

VI: Abducens

Answer 16

• function: abducts eye via lateral rectus


- damage: diplopia, convergent squint (med strabismus), abductor paralysis ipsilat eye

Question 17

VII: Facial

Answer 17

-function: facial expression, speech, winking, ingestion, taste, salivary/nasal secretion

-damage: IPS facial paralysis, dry mouth, loss taste anterior third tongue, Bell’s palsy

Question 18

VIII: Vestibulocochlear

Answer 18

-function: equilibrium, hearing


-damage: vertigo, nystagmus, dysequilib, tinnitus, loss hearing

Question 19

IX: Glossopharyngeal

Answer 19

-function: elevate pharynx, salivary secretion, taste


-damage: slightly dysphagia, partial dry mouth, loss posterior third taste

Question 20

X: Vagus

Answer 20

-function: phonation, visce sens/reflex, cardiac depress, bronchoconst, GI perista/secrt

-damage: palpit, tachy, vomit, slow respiration, IPS paraly soft palate/larynx, horse, anesthesia of larynx

Question 21

XI: Accessory

Answer 21

• function: deglutition/phonation, movement of head and shoulder

• damage: weakness in IPS shrugging, turning head opposite side

Question 22

XII: Hypoglossal

Answer 22

• function: movement of tongue


- damage: unilat tongue paralysis, deviation towards IPS side with protrusion

Question 23

Capsular Joint Patterns

Answer 23

GHJ: ER>abd>flex>IR

Elbow: flex>ext

Radioulnar: pronation=supination

Wrist: flexion=extension

Interphalang: flexion>extension

Hip: flexion>IR>abduction

Knee: flexion>extension

Ankle: PF>DF

Toes: extension>flexion

Question 24

Initial Contact:

Answer 24

-Ant tib and toe extensors position foot for LR

-Quads contract to prepare for LR

-Hamstrings counteract extension torque

-Semimembranosus, biceps fem long head, semitendin as hip extensors; all hip extensors active to prepare

Question 25

Loading Response:

Answer 25

-DFs contract eccentrically against PF torque

-Quads eccentrically to absorb shock

-Hamstrings primary hip extensors

-Lower glute max, add mag, and hamstrings counteract knee flexion

-Posterior TFL, glue med/min, upper glue max stabilize pelvis in frontal plane

Question 26

Mid-stance:

Answer 26

-Soleus then gastro as knee extends to stop tibial progression

-Quads active until extension torque begins

-Knee stabilized by calf

-NO saggital hip activity; abductors stabilize in frontal plane

Question 27

Terminal Stance:

Answer 27

-calf remain active to stop tibial collapse


-Anterior TFL fires briefly to restrain hip hyperextension

Question 28

Pre-swing:

Answer 28

-Calf activity decreases rapidly then stops

-Rec fem to restrain passive knee flexion

-Momentum brings femur forward with add long and rec fem

Question 29

Initial Swing:

Answer 29

-Pretibial initial DF

-Short head biceps, sartoriuus, and gracilis active

-Knee flexion aided by hip flexion

-Iliacus, gracilis, sartorius, and add long

Question 30

Mid-swing:

Answer 30

-Pretibial muscles

-Knee extension created by momentum and gravity

-Short head biceps controls rate knee extension

-Iliacus, gracilis, sartorius stop firing late

Question 31

Terminal Swing:

Answer 31

-Pretibial muscles active

-Quads active concentrically to get full knee extension

-Hamstrings active eccentrically to decelerate leg

-Lower glue max and add mag fire low intensity to prepare weight acceptance