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Flashcards in Behavioral science Deck (20)
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1
Q

Compares a group of people with disease to a group without disease - looks for prior exposure or risk factor

A

Case-control study (observational and retrospective)

2
Q

Compares a group with a given exposure or risk factor to a group without such exposure - Looks to see if exposure increases the likelihood of the disease

A

Cohort study

3
Q

Whats the difference between a retrospective and a prospective cohort study?

A

Prospective: asks “who will develop the disease”
Retrospective: asks “Who developed the disease”

4
Q

How is prevalence determined from incidence rate and average disease duration?

A

Prevalence = incidence rate x average disease duration

5
Q

Odds ratio

A

Odds that the group with the disease was exposed to a risk factor divided by the odds that the group without the disease was exposed

(a/c)/(b/d) or (ad)/(bc)

6
Q

Relative risk (RR)

A

(a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))

7
Q

Relative risk reduction

A

The proportion of risk reduction attributable to the intervention as compared to a control

1-RR

8
Q

Attributable risk

A

The proportion of disease occurrences that are attributable to the exposure
AR = (a/(a+b)) - (c/(c+d))

9
Q

Absolute risk reduction

A

The difference in risk attributable to the intervention as compared to a control
If 8% of people who receive a placebo vaccine develop the flu vs 2% of people who receive a flu vaccine, then ARR = 8%-2%=6%

10
Q

Number needed to treat

A

1/ARR

11
Q

Number needed to harm

A

1/AR

12
Q

Positive skew

A

Mean > Median > Mode

Tail on the right of the bell curve

13
Q

Negative skew

A

Mean

14
Q

If the 95% confidence interval for odds ratio or relative risk includes 1…

A

Null hypothesis is not rejected

15
Q

If the 95% CI for a mean difference between 2 variables includes 0…

A

Then there is no significant difference

16
Q

If the CIs between 2 groups do not overlap…

A

Significant difference exists

17
Q

What is the function of a t-test?

A

Checks differences between means of 2 groups

18
Q

What is the function of an ANOVA

A

Checks differences between means of 3 or more independent groups

19
Q

What is the function of a chi-square test?

A

Checks difference between 2 or more percentages or proportions of categorical outcomes (not mean values)

20
Q

Collects data from a group of people to assess frequency of disease at a particular point in time. Asks, “what is happening?”

A

Cross sectional study (observational)