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Pharmacy BSI > BSI 2 Lecture 5-7: Immunology > Flashcards

BSI 2 Lecture 5-7: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two principal mechanisms/systems which protect our bodies from invasion?

A

Phagocytosis and the production of specific antibodies and sensitized lymphocytes

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2
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

The non-specific ability, that we are born with, to phagocytize foreign organisms, particles, some cancerous cells, and exhausted/worn out cells

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3
Q

What is acquired or adaptive immunity?

A

The ability to produce antibodies and memory cells which remember the antigen so your body can mount a quicker, more effective response with subsequent exposure

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4
Q

What are the mediators of the innate immune response?

A

leukocytes

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5
Q

What is the most numerous leukocyte found in the body?

A

Neutrophil

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6
Q

How many white blood cells are there in one microliter of blood?

A

4800-11,000

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7
Q

How do leukocytes move around in the body?

A

Via the blood and lymph

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8
Q

What leukocytes are formed in the bone marrow?

A

granulocytes, monocytes, and a few lymphocytes

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9
Q

What leukocytes are formed in the lymphoid tissue?

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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10
Q

What cells seek out invading organisms by chemotaxis?

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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11
Q

How many types of white blood cells are usually found in the blood?

A

5 types

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12
Q

Are there more red blood cells or white blood cells in the body?

A

Red blood cells (4-6 million)

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13
Q

What can cause an increase in white blood cell count?

A

An infection or leukemia

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14
Q

What is the breakdown in the percentage of the 5 types of white blood cells in the body?

A 
62% neutrophils 
30% lymphocytes
5.3% monocytes
2.3% eosinophils
0.4% basophils
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15
Q

Name the granulocytes

A

1) neutrophils
2) eosinophils
3) basophils

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16
Q

Why are they called granulocytes?

A

Because they have intracellular granules that stain with certain dyes plus they have multilobed nuclei.

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17
Q

Which granulocytes tend to have bilobed nuclei?

A

Eosinophils and basophils

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18
Q

Which granulocyte tends to have many lobes?

A

Neutrophils

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19
Q

Granulocytes, together with ______, protect primarily by _______ via our _______ immunity.

A

Monocytes, phagocytosis, innate

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20
Q

______ and ______ act principally by the production of specific antibodies via our _______ immunity.

A

Lymphocytes, plasma cells, acquired/adaptive

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21
Q

Why are natural killer cells considered part of the innate immune response?

A

Because they can operate independently without Helper cell activation

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22
Q

Where do white blood cells originate from?

A

The same pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells as red blood cells

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23
Q

What 2 principal cell lines do white blood cells become committed to?

A

myelocytic and lymphocytic

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24
Q

What does the myoblast (myelocytic) line, in the bone marrow, produce?

A

granulocytes and monocytes

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25
Q

What does the lymphoblast (lymphocytic) line, in the lymphoid tissue, produce?

A

lymphocytes and plasma cells

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26
Q

What are the principal mechanisms of the innate immune response?

A

Non-specific phagocytosis and inflammation

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27
Q

Where are neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes produced?

A

In the bone marrow

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28
Q

What are the two functions of Neutrophils?

A

1) phagocytosis

2) release chemicals involved in inflammation

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29
Q

What is the function of a basophil?

A

To release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation in the blood

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30
Q

What are the functions of Eosinophils?

A

1) Kill parasites

2) Participate in hypersensitivity reactions

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31
Q

What are the functions of Monocytes?

A

They carry out functions in the blood similar to macrophages

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32
Q

What are the functions of Macrophages?

A

1) Phagocytosis
2) Extracellular killing via secretion of toxic chemicals
3) Process and present antigens to helper T cells
4) Secrete cytokines involved in inflammation, activation and differentiation of helper T cells, and systemic responses to infection

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33
Q

What is the function of a Mast cell?

A

Release histamine and other chemicals involved in inflammation

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34
Q

Where does interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6 come from?

A

Antigen presenting cells

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35
Q

What does interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6 target?

A

1) Helper T cells
2) certain brain cells
3) numerous systemic cells

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36
Q

What are the major functions of interleukin 1, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6?

A

1) Stimulate IL-2 secretion and IL-2 receptor expression
2) Induce fever
3) Stimulate systemic responses to inflammation, infection, and injury

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37
Q

Where does Interleukin 2 come from?

A

Most immune cells

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38
Q

What does Interleukin 2 target?

A

1) Helper T cells
2) Cytotoxic T cells
3) NK cells
4) B cells

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39
Q

What are the major functions of Interleukin 2?

A

1) Stimulate proliferation

2) Promote conversion to plasma cells

40
Q

Where do Interferons come from?

A

Most cells types

41
Q

What cells do Interferons target?

A

Most cell types

42
Q

What is the function of Interferon?

A

To stimulate cells to produce antiviral proteins (nonspecific response)

43
Q

Where does Interferon-gamma come from?

A

NK cells and activated Helper T cells

44
Q

What cells does Interferon-gamma target?

A

NK cells and macrophages

45
Q

What is the function of Interferon-gamma?

A

Stimulate proliferation and secretion of cytotoxic compounds

46
Q

Where do Chemokines come from?

A

Damage cells (including endothelial cells)

47
Q

What cells do Chemokines target?

A

Neutrophils and other leukocytes

48
Q

What is the function of Chemokines?

A

Facilitate accumulation of leukocytes at sites of injury and inflammation

49
Q

What cells produce Colony-stimulating hormone?

A

Macrophages

50
Q

What is the target of colony-stimulating hormone?

A

bone marrow

51
Q

What is the function of colony-stimulation hormone?

A

To stimulate proliferation of neutrophils and monocytes

52
Q

What does macrophages release in the third step of the innate response? And what does it do?

A

Colony-stimulation hormone; it triggers more leukocytes in response to inflammation

53
Q

Where are the majority of white blood cells stored?

A

In the bone marrow and lymphoid tissue

54
Q

What is the typical life span of a granulocyte?

A

4-8 hours in the blood plus 5-6 days in the tissues where needed

55
Q

What is the typical life span of a monocyte?

A

10-20 hours in the blood before entering the tissues and turning into macrophage where is can survive for months

56
Q

Where in the body is there NO chemotaxis?

A

The bloodstream

57
Q

What is the process called when mobile cells squeeze through gaps in the capillary endothelium?

A

Diapedesis

58
Q

What is the process called when these mobile cells follow “chemical trails” to the source?

A

Chemotaxis

59
Q

What is released by damaged cells to start the process of chemotaxis?

A

Chemokines

60
Q

Phagocytosis is a special form of _________?

A

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

61
Q

What happens to the phagosome once it is internalized?

A

It fuses with a lysosome to digest the pathogen

62
Q

Where are neutrophils usually found?

A

In the blood stream

63
Q

Where a macrophages typically found?

A

In the tissue

64
Q

When there is inflammation or damage, what two types of cells are attracted chemotaxis?

A

Neutrophils and mature monocytes

65
Q

Can the complement system be activated without the involvement of antibodies?

A

Yes, in the innate system there is the alternate complement pathway

66
Q

How does the complement pathway work in innate immunity?

A

Factor C3b binds to the surface of the bacteria and links it to a phagocyte to be destroyed

67
Q

What is the term for the targeting of a pathogen by C3b to be destroyed by phagocytosis?

A

Opsonization

68
Q

What else is recruited during opsonization?

A

Other proteins which form the membrane attack complex (MAC)

69
Q

What does the membrane attack complex do?

A

It perforates the bacterial membrane making them leaky, which kills the bacteria

70
Q

Which one is a more potent phagocyte? Neutrophils or Macrophages?

A

Macrophages

71
Q

What is the name of the cell when the pathogen is engulfed, internalized, and is now connected to a lysosome?

A

Phagolysosome

72
Q

What can Neutrophils and Macrophages do if a bacteria is resistant to digestion?

A

They can release bactericidal enzymes that can kill most bacteria

73
Q

What are some of these potent bactericidal enzymes?

A

Reactive oxygen species: superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl ions

74
Q

What bactericidal chemical is formed from the reaction of H2O2 and Cl by the enzyme myeloperoxidase?

A

Hypochlorite (bleach)

75
Q

What bacteria can resist even these strong bactericidal agents?

A

tuberculosis bacillus

76
Q

Certain tissues have their own type of macrophages. Where are Kupffer cells located? What about Dendritic cells/histiocytes?

A

1) Liver

2) Skin

77
Q

If an invading organism makes it through to the blood, what can remove them?

A

The reticular systems of the spleen and macrophages in the bone marrow

78
Q

What does the release of histamine cause?

A

Vasodilation for increased blood flow and increased permeability of proteins out of the capillaries

79
Q

What leaks out into the ECF allowing it to clot and limit the spread of any pathogens?

A

Clotting factors, including fibrinogen

80
Q

What has to be present in order for a luekocyte’s selectin ligand to bind to selectin on the tissue and for its integrin to bind to the integrin ligand?

A

Chemokines

81
Q

What is the process of margination?

A

Some of the substances released from the damaged tissue alter the smooth endothelial surface so neutrophils can attach

82
Q

Which method is stronger? Margination or Selectin/integrin ligand-receptor interactions?

A

Selectin/integrin ligand-receptor interactions

83
Q

What process happens that further enhances diapedesis?

A

The connections between capillaries and venules loosen allowing a 4 fold increase in the number of neutrophils released

84
Q

What is the first response in innate immunity?

A

Macrophages that are already in the tissue

85
Q

What is the secondary response in innate immunity?

A

Neutrophils are recruited to the site by margination

86
Q

What is the tertiary response in innate immunity?

A

Immature monocytes enter the affected tissue and become functional macrophages

87
Q

What do macrophages release to trigger more production of leukocytes?

A

CSF

88
Q

What type of corticoid is released from the adrenal glands?

A

Glucocorticoids

89
Q

What inhibits the immune system?

A

Cortisone

90
Q

Are eosinophils strong at phagocytosis?

A

No

91
Q

What is the larvacidal polypeptide called that eosinophils release to kill parasites?

A

Major Basic Protein

92
Q

Basophils and Mast cells are very important in some kinds of _______.

A

Allergic responses

93
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Cancerous mutations of WBC precursor cells which result in the uncontrolled production of WBC’s

94
Q

What are the two types of leukemia?

A

myelogenous and lymphocytic

95
Q

What happens if the type of leukemia is an acute condition?

A

The cells are more undifferentiated and have less function; therefore, death can result in a few months

96
Q

What happens if the type of leukemia is chronic?

A

The cells are more differentiated and the disease may develop slowly over 10-20 years

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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