BSI Lecture 17-18 Cell Signaling Examples Flashcards

1
Q

cAMP most important target is ________ __

A

Phosphokinase A

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2
Q

PKA has many important targets affected by __________.

A

Phosphorylation

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3
Q

Cells are subject to many different messengers from ___ to ____ and this is superimposed on the changing status of the cell itself.

A

second; second

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4
Q

What turns ATP in to cAMP

A

Adenylyl Cyclase

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5
Q

What turns cAMP into AMP?

A

Phosphodiesterases

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6
Q

What does PKA stand for?

A

Phosphokinase A

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7
Q

PKA is activated by _______

A

cAMP

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8
Q

When PKA phosphorates a target protein, they phosphoralate specific _____ ______ ______.

A

Amino acid residues

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9
Q

Does PKA turn on or off target proteins?

A

They can turn them on or off

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10
Q

The effects of PKA are reversed by _______

A

Phosphotase

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11
Q

What can reverse the effects of PKA?

A

Phosphotases

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12
Q

What does PKA phosphorylate on the target proteins?

A

Specific amino acid residues

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13
Q

T or F? PKA can only turn things on?

A

False, it can turn them on or off

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14
Q

Name the targets PKA can affect.

A

1) Active transport
2) Channel protein
3) ER (protein synthesis, Ca2+ transport)
4) Can act as transcription factor
5) Enzyme, lipid breakdown
6) Enzyme, glycogen breakdown
7) microtubules

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15
Q

When cAMP activates PKA, then PKA activates an inactive phophorylase kinase, what is this an example of?

A

Kinase cascade

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16
Q

Can PKA enter the nucleus freely?

A

No, it’s too large and needs to be transported in

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17
Q

What are PLs?

A

Phospholipases

18
Q

PLs produces different ______ _______ to mediate their effects.

A

secondary messengers

19
Q

Phosphatidylinositol biphosphate (PIP2) when cleaved by PLC and disassociates into ____ _____

A

IP3 (Inositol triphosphate) and DAG (Diacylglycerol)

20
Q

T or F? DAG is hydrophilic.

A

False, hydrophobic

21
Q

When PIP2 is cleaved, what 2nd messenger goes to the ER and opens up a Ca2+ channel?

A

IP3 (Inositol triphosphate)

22
Q

What needs to happen before PKC is fully activated?

A

Ca2+ needs to bind with it along with DAG

23
Q

PLA2 will release _______ _____

A

Arachidonic acid

24
Q

If you take an NSAID, what does it block to prevent you from feeling pain.

A

Cyclooxygenase (COX1 and COX2)

25
Q

Prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxanes(TXs) have functions that include _____ and _____.

A

Inflammation; fever

26
Q

What do Leukotrienes affect?

A

Immune cell function (acting on leukocytes)

27
Q

“De novo” synthesis of Sphinganine, Sphigosine, and ceramide are initiated by what enzyme?

A

Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT)

28
Q

Serine palmitoyltransferase (SPT) can be blocked by what?

A

SPT Inhibitor

29
Q

Name the types of sphingolipids.

A

Sphinganine, Sphingosine, Ceramide, Sphingosine 1-P

30
Q

______ are mycotoxins that disrupts sphingolipid messenger functions.

A

Fumonisins

31
Q

Sphinganine, Sphingosine, Ceramide can either be made by ‘De novo” or by recycling of _________ ________ in membranes.

A

Complex sphingolipids

32
Q

If you tip the scale on the levels of sphingolipids towards Sphingosine 1-P, what will occur?

A

Anti-apoptotic, proliferation, mitogenesis, inflammation

could lead to cancer

33
Q

If you tip the scale on the levels of sphingolipids towards ceramide, what will will occur?

A

Apoptosis, cell cycle arrest

34
Q

Omega-3 fatty acids are ____ __________.

A

Anti-inflammatory

35
Q

Omega-6 fatty acids are ____ __________.

A

Pro-inflammatory

36
Q

We do not make omega-3’s, if we are missing them in our diet, what are they replaced with and why is it bad.

A

They are replaced with Omega-6 and they are pro-inflammatory

37
Q

Ca2+ is effective on its own as 2ndary messenger, but sometimes it needs to bind with __________.

A

Calmodulin

38
Q

What does activated MAPkkk do?

A

Initiate a kinase cascade by phosphorylating MAPkk, which then phosphorylates MAPk, which phosphorylates target proteins that affect important processess like transcription.

39
Q

Inappropriate signaling in LMW G-protein/kinase cascade pathways can result in ________as they are so central in controlling cell growth.

A

cancer

40
Q

Cell will undergo ______ if it is not told to survive.

A

Apoptosis

41
Q

PI3-kinase (phosphoinositide 3-kinase) activates Akts (serine/threonine-protein kinase family) by producing PIP3 from PIP2 (DAG/IP3 pathway) by phosphorylation. PIP3 activates protein kinase 1 in turn activates Akts, which releases ______________

A

Bcl-2

42
Q

During contact-dependent chemical messaging, the delta signal protein reaches the delta receptor of another cell, what happens to the Notch?

A

The tail is cleaved and migrates to the nucleus. Without this “growth limiting” system, cancer may result