BSI Lecture 29-30 Mechanisms of Cancer 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does angiogenesis mean?

A

New blood vessel growth.

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2
Q

Small tumors can receive adequate O2 and nutrients by diffusion from ____ ______

A

Blood vessel

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3
Q

Larger tumors need growth of new ____ ____

A

Blood vessel

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4
Q

Onset of _____ is due to the imbalance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors (upregulation of pro-angiogenic proteins/downregulation of anti-angiogenic proteins)

A

Angiogenesis

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5
Q

_____ is the most potent stimulus for angiogenesis.

A

VEGF

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6
Q

What does VEGF stand for?

A

Vascular endothelial growth factor

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7
Q

What is the stimulus for VEGF?

A

Hypoxia

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8
Q

Hypoxia-inducible transription factor (HIF) binds to VEGF gene and induces _______.

A

Transcription

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9
Q

Mutations in ___ results in over expression of VEGF

A

p53

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10
Q

Activation of ___ can also lead to overexpression of VEGF.

A

ras

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11
Q

______ are cells related to vascular smooth muscle which are located adjacent to and surround the endothelium.

A

Pericytes

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12
Q

Basement membrane and extracellular matrix are degraded by _________

A

MMPs (matrix metalloproteinase)

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13
Q

_______-cells migrate into perivascular space towards angiogenic stimuli (VEGF) produced by tumor cells.

A

Endothelial

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14
Q

When endothelial cells proliferate they can adhere to each other and create a ____, then formation of basement membrane and pericyte attachment will occur.

A

lumen

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15
Q

______ is the migration of cells into deeper tissues—cancer cells break through the barrier that keeps them localized.

A

Invasion

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16
Q

The invasive _____ is what categorizes a tumor as malignant.

A

phenotype

17
Q

________ is the spread of cancer cells from a primary tumor to distant sites in the body.

A

Metastasis

18
Q

What are the steps in Metastasis?

A
  1. Tumorigenesis
  2. Angiogenic switch
  3. Acquire invasive phenotype
  4. Survival in circulation
  5. Extravasation & growth at secondary site
  6. Angiogenesis in secondary tumor
  7. Evasion of immune response
19
Q

T or F? Tumor cells can avoid death by cytotoxic T cells and induce apoptosis of cytotoxic T cells

A

True

20
Q

Cytotoxic T cells expresses ___ and ___

A

FasL ; Fas

21
Q

Tumor cells express ____ (normal cells usually do not) and downregulate Fas

A

FasL

22
Q

Tumor cells can _____ cFLIP

A

upregulate

23
Q

Tumor cells (with low _____) are resistant to apoptosis by cytotoxic T cells

A

Fas

24
Q

Tumor cells (due to ____ expression) induce apoptosis in cytotoxic T cells

A

FasL

25
Q

Human papilloma virus (HPV) inactivates ___ and ____

A

p53 and Rb

26
Q

T or F? HPV vaccine protects against two types of HPV that cause 70% of cervical cancers and also protects against two types of HPV that cause 90% of genital warts.

A

True

27
Q

T or F? HPV is a cancer that sequester Rb and p53.

A

False, HPV is a virus that has viral proteins that inhibits Rb(by E7) and p53(by E6)

28
Q

Normal vasculature is dormant in healthy adults with endothelial cells dividing ~ once every ___ years

A

10

29
Q

______ are cells related to vascular smooth muscle which are located adjacent to and surround the endothelium.

A

Pericytes

30
Q

What are the 6 precesses of angiogenesis?

A
  1. Pericytes detach
  2. Basement membrane and extracellular matrix degraded by MMPs (Matrix metalloproteinase
  3. Endothelial cells migrate into perivascular space toward angiogenic stimuli (VEGF) produced by tumor cells
  4. Endothelial cells proliferate
  5. Endothelial cells adhere to each other and create a lumen.
  6. Formation of basement membrane and pericyte attachment
31
Q

What are MMPs stand for and what do they do?

A

Matrix metalloproteinase and they degrade the basement membrane and extracellular matrix