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Pharmacy BSI > BSI Lecture 51 Nervous System Introduction > Flashcards

BSI Lecture 51 Nervous System Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system allows us to interact in “_______” with our environment (internal and external).

A

real time

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2
Q

In addition, the human nervous system, (specifically the brain), allows us to ________ and _______ from experience

A

communicate; learn

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3
Q

Rapid propagating electrical signals are _____ _________

A

action potentials

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4
Q

Synaptic-release of chemical messengers are __________

A

neurotransmitters

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5
Q

“effectors” such as muscles and glands can be affected and produce a nearly ________ response.

A

instantaneous

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6
Q

T or F? The nervous system can affect almost all aspects of our physiology although the effects tend to be short-term.

A

True

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7
Q

Some endocrine messengers (blood-born chemical messengers: hormones) can affect ________ ________ and produce long-lasting and profound effects (but are often much slower in onset).

A

gene transcription

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8
Q

T or F? Some synaptic transmission by neurotransmitters can affect gene transcription and the formation and modification of synapses.

A

True, This is seen in vital processes like learning and memory: some memories can persist a lifetime.

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9
Q

The ____ _____ constantly monitors both our internal and external environments via specialized receptors and maintains homeostasis by reflexes of various complexities: from the simplest spinal cord (SC) monosynaptic stretch reflex to responses requiring extensive processing by the brain.

A

nervous system

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10
Q

The nervous system can be divided into 2 parts anatomically, what are they?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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11
Q

The CNS consists of:

A

Brain and Spinal Cord; they are contained and protected by the bony skull and vertebral column

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12
Q

The PNS consists of:

A

All nervous tissue and associated processes outside the CNS

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13
Q

The nervous system monitors incoming sensory information (________), processes it with CNS-contained “interneurons” and responds via outgoing motor activity (_________).

A

afferent; efferent

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14
Q

“____________” is a general term for any neuron totally (so including processes) contained within the CNS

A

Interneurons (although some neuroscientists use the term more specifically for feedback neurons that are typically inhibitory).

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15
Q

“_____________” are neurons affecting effectors such as muscles and glands.

A

Motorneurons/motoneurons

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16
Q

T or F? Motoneurons are those involved in monitoring, usually via specialized receptors, our environment.

A

False, Sensory neurons

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17
Q

Functionally the nervous system can be divided into _______ (afferent) and ______ (efferent) divisions.

A

Sensory; motor

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18
Q

_________ information means sensory information transmitted to the CNS: monitored via various receptors and sent via sensory neurons whose processes (axons) only enter the CNS.

A

Afferent

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19
Q

_________ information means motor innervation (muscles and glands) transmitted from the CNS via motoneurons whose cell bodies are within the CNS.

A

Efferent

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20
Q

The visceral motor division is more commonly known as the ______ _______ ________ which itself can be subdivided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic components

A

Autonomic Nervous System

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21
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) responsible for?

A

“Fight or flight” or “Housekeeping” responses (homeostasis) respectively

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22
Q

Explain the process of how a reflex works.

A

Afferent sensory information enters the spinal cord and synapses onto an interneuron to allow integration. The efferent motor response leaves the spinal cord to affect the appropriate effector such as a gland or muscle

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23
Q

A ________ is basically a response to a set stimulus and can be very simple (and quick) or very complex involving many areas of the CNS, (and therefore much longer).

A

reflex

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24
Q

T or F? Reflexes such as muscle stretch are polysynaptic.

A

False, Monosynaptic (involves no interneurons)

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25
Q

T or F? Polysynaptic reflexes utilizes interneurons to produce an integrated response.

A

True

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26
Q

This reflex requires no conscious effort/thought.

A

Monosynaptic

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27
Q

Putting your hand on a hot stove, you automatically/unconsciously activate the right muscles to quickly remove your hand. What type of reflex is this? And Why?

A

Polysynaptic (involves interneurons) because an integrated muscle response is required, not just a twitch: all the necessary motor neurons are activated, including ones in other levels of the SC, and interneurons also inhibit the antagonistic muscles (such as biceps vs. triceps: flexing vs. extending)

28
Q

________ (branches) from the incoming sensory neuronal processes send information up the SC to the brain where the stimulus is perceived: due to correct encoding and “wiring,” you now know which hand, and what part of your hand, is on fire!

A

collaterals

29
Q

Protective reflex and the response is _____ so hopefully limiting damage: no need to think about removing your hand if you touch something hot.

A

automatic (if you know what you are about to touch is hot in advance you can suppress this reflex to some extent)

30
Q

The entire CNS can be considered primarily ______ allowing an integrated response.

A

interneurons

31
Q

We are able to learn either by _____ or by _____ _____ and apply this learned experience to new behavioral choices.

A

communication; practical experience

32
Q

T or F? The amazingly complex circuits of the human nervous system are coded for genetically and are virtually identical in all human beings:

A

True; connections depend on the outgrowth of specific neuronal processes (axons) to specific targets.

33
Q

Early development, (~22 day old embryo), of the CNS showing the ____ _____ which will eventually become the brain and spinal cord.

A

neural tube

34
Q

Development of the nervous system begins in the embryo with the division of undifferentiated neural stem cells which develop into _____ or _____.

A

Neurons or glia

35
Q

Future neurons, known as ________, are produced by the dividing neuroepithelium and migrate to their required locations.

A

Neuroblast

36
Q

Interneurons are formed from ______ _____ neuroblasts.

A

Altar plate

37
Q

______ _____ neuroblasts give rise to principally to motor neurons.

A

Basal plate

38
Q

Future sensory neurons are formed from ____ ______cells and remain outside the CNS.

A

neural crest

39
Q

After proliferation the cells differentiate, migrate to their final destination and send out processes that will become the _______ (“inputs”) and ______ (“outputs”).

A

dendrites ; axons

40
Q

T or F? “pathfinding” is accomplished by the growth cone at the tip of the developing process which follows the surface of other cells, usually glia: various membrane proteins are involved in this guidance such as adhesion molecules while others are soluble neurotrophic factors (growth factors for neural tissue).

A

True

41
Q

T or F? After growth, a significant number of projections and neurons themselves are “pruned back” with as many as 50-70% of the neurons undergoing programmed cell death (apoptosis): this process may allow fine-tuning of neuronal connectivity.

A

True

42
Q

The nervous system continues to develop well into childhood and can be significantly affected by what?

A

Alcohol, drugs, radiation, malnutrition and viral infections.

43
Q

T or F? CNS damage is often repaired slowly.

A

False, CNS damage is rarely repaired

44
Q

______/_______ injury regrowth/repair in the PNS (if the cell body survives) can occur but slowly (nerve/axon regrowth typically ~ 1 mm/day).

A

Nerve/axonal

45
Q

T or F? Recent research has suggested that during puberty the significant behavioral changes often seen are not purely due to hormones but to some latent neurons actually integrating themselves into existing circuits.

A

True

46
Q

The CNS is actually formed around a _____ _____ which becomes the 4 brain ventricles and the connected central canal of the SC: it is full of cerebrospinal fluid, (CSF).

A

hollow tube

47
Q

What are the Primary Brain Vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

48
Q

What are the Secondary brain vesicles?

A 
Telecephalon
Diencephalon
Mesencephalon
Metencephalon
Myelencephalon
49
Q

Adult brain structures: This consists of Cerebral hemispheres (cortex white matter, basal nuclei)

A

Cerebrum

50
Q

Adult brain structures: This consists of thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

51
Q

Adult brain structures: This part of the brain stem is derived from mesencephalon.

A

Midbrain

52
Q

Adult brain structures: This part of the brain stem is derived from metencephalon

A

Pons

53
Q

Adult brain structures: This is derived from the metencephalon (not brain stem)

A

Cerebellum

54
Q

Adult brain structures: This part of the brain stem is derived from the Myelencephalon.

A

Medulla oblongata

55
Q

Which is the “faster” system: endocrine or nervous?

A

Nervous

56
Q

What are the main functional/anatomical divisions of our nervous system?

A

Functionally: Sensory(Afferent) and Motor (Efferent), then both could be divided into Somatic and Visceral
Anatomically; CNS and PNS (Peripheral)

57
Q

Can you assign a function to specific regions of our nervous system?

A

Sometimes but with most functions of any reasonable level of complexity, no. Speech/conversation is thought to involve many, many different brain regions of the telencephalon.

58
Q

What is our “lizard brain?”

A

Our innate behaviors driven by basic emotions and needs such as food, water, sex, etc. (no cerebral cortex/telencephalon or actual “thinking” required)

59
Q

Where is the “program” for walking stored?

A

In the spinal cord; our brain just adjusts for obstacles, rate, balance, etc.

60
Q

Where would the program for a concert pianist to play be stored?

A

Lots of the basic mechanical movements may well be stored in the cerebellum while the forebrain worries about higher issues such as interpretation.

61
Q

What is the main function of our frontal lobes and do they always help us?

A

Decision making and planning; for some responses they can actually get in the way (“thinking too much”)

62
Q

Once a drug reaches our systemic circulation does it “access all areas” including our CNS?

A

No, it has to cross the blood brain barrier, BUT once crossed, any drug will access all areas of the CNS (drugs do not have the anatomical specificity afforded by specific synapse release)

63
Q

What is afferent and efferent information?

A

Incoming sensory information and outgoing motor commands respectively

64
Q

What are the 2 antagonistic parts of the visceral nervous system and which part is in control the majority of the time?

A

SNS and PNS; PNS is the “housekeeping” system and is normally in control ~+99% of time

65
Q

How many interneurons are involved in a monosynaptic reflex?

A

None

66
Q

Is activation of just flexor or extensor muscles sufficient to remove a limb from a noxious stimulus?

A

no, need to inhibit antagonistic muscles via inhibitory interneurons

67
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Our “motor computer”

Pharmacy BSI (58 decks)

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