[C] 1.49 Accomodation (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, transformatio) Flashcards Preview

Pathology A - General Pathology > [C] 1.49 Accomodation (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, transformatio) > Flashcards

Flashcards in [C] 1.49 Accomodation (hypertrophy, hyperplasia, transformatio) Deck (17)
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1
Q

Accommodation: Overview

A

Counteraction of the harmful effects

  • When tissue loss is too big
  • Healing method was organisation/heteromorphosis
2
Q

Accommodation: types

A
  • Hypertrophy
  • Transformation
3
Q

Hypertrophy

A
  • Increase in size → Increase in activity
  • Without significant structural changes
    • Hypertrophia in sensu strictori (simple enlargement)
    • Hypertrophia numerica (hyperplasia) - Cell multiplication
  • Differentiation between hypertrophy & hyperplasia is almost impossible
4
Q

Hypertrophy: Preconditions

A
  • Increased output only in healthy organs
  • Requires good nutrient & oxygen supply
  • Good innervation & general state
  • Tissue type (Muscle, certain glandular organs)
  • Manifestation
5
Q

Hypertrophy preconditions: Manifestation

A
  • Enlarged organs (normal shape)
  • Thickening of the wall (in hollow organs)
    • Simple hypertrophy
    • Dilation of the lumen
6
Q

Types of hypertrophy

A
  • Physiological
  • Pathological
7
Q

Physiological hypertrophy: Examples

A
  • Uterus during pregnancy
  • Mammary gland during lactation
  • Skeletal & heart muscle during training
8
Q

Pathological hypertrophy: Examples

A
  • Increased work load
  • Compensatory (vicarious)
  • Correlation type
9
Q

Hypertrophy due to increased work load

A
  • Valve defects in the heart
  • Narrowed orifices
    • Heart
    • Urinary bladder (prostate enlarged)
    • Intestines (Scar/innervation problem)
    • Oesophagus (cardiac sphincter spasm)
    • Bonchi (verminous bronchitis)
10
Q

Compensatory hypertrophy

A

In paired organs, one replaces the other’s lost function

  • Kidney - Glomerulus enlarge, tubules proliferate
  • Testes
  • Adrenal gland
  • Liver - Partial hypertrophy, partial hyperplasia
11
Q

Correlation type hypertrophy

A
  • Enlargement & hyperfunction of endocrine glands
    • Metabolic disorder stimulates
      • Hypocalcaemia/Phosphate retention causes hypertrophy in the parathyroid gland
    • The activity of the synergistic gland
    • Missing inhibiting effect of the antagonistic gland
  • Leads to hormonal dysfunction
12
Q

Endocrine-origin hypertrophy/hyperplasia

A
  • Functional tumour of the pituitary gland
  • Secretes ACTH
  • ACTH stimulates the adrenal cortex to synthesise and release steroids
13
Q

Pseudohypertrophy

A

Enlargement but not increased function

  • Muscle
  • Liver
  • Skin & mucous membrane
  • Wound healing
  • Teeth
  • Hormonal dysfunction
14
Q

Pseudohypertrophy: Muscle

A

Psedohypertrophia lipomatosa musculorum

  • Enlargement of muscles in case of muscular atrophy
  • Replacement by fat tissue
15
Q

Pseudohypertrophy: Liver

A

Connective tissue proliferation in chronic inflammation

16
Q

Pseudohypertrophy: Skin & mucous membranes

A

Polyps

17
Q

Transformation of the tissues (transformatio)

A
  • Vessels
    • Collaterals
  • Bones
    • Different directions
    • Weight
  • Tendons

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