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Rad 390 > Cancer Prevention and Detection > Flashcards

Cancer Prevention and Detection Flashcards

1
Q

Between __% and __% of all cancers are associated with lifestyle.

A

60 and 70

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2
Q

Most preventable cause of cancer

A

cigarette smoking

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3
Q

measure of occurrence in population over time

A

absolute risk

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4
Q

someone with risk vs. someone without risk

A

relative risk

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5
Q

amount of disease caused by a specific risk factor and prevention if change in population

A

attributable risk

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6
Q

side stream smoke accounts for ___% of cancer

A

20-30

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7
Q

___-___% of all cancers diagnosed are hereditary

A

5-10

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8
Q

two or more generations diagnosed with the same or related forms of cancer

A

hereditary cancer

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9
Q

hereditary tumors

A

early age of onset
occurrence of rare tumors
bilateral, multifocal, or multiple primary tumors in one or more family members

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10
Q

Med Term: adeno

A

glandular

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11
Q

Med Term: eithelial

A

carcinoma

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12
Q

Med Term: oma

A

tumor

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13
Q

Med Term: leio

A

smooth

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14
Q

Med Term: myo

A

muscle

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15
Q

Med Term: sarcomas

A

connective tissue

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16
Q

Med Term: hemato

A

blood

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17
Q

Classifications of Neoplasms:

Glandular Epithelium

A

Benign- adenoma

Malignant- adenocarcinoma

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18
Q

Classifications of Neoplasms:

squamous epithelium

A

Benign- papilloma

Malignant- squamous cell carcinoma

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19
Q

Classifications of Neoplasms:

connective tissue- smooth muscle

A

Benign- leiomyoma

Malignant- leiomyosarcoma

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20
Q

Classifications of Neoplasms:

hematopoietic

A

Benign-

Malignant- leukemia

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21
Q

Classifications of Neoplasms:

lymphoreticular

A

Benign-

Malignant- lymphoma

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22
Q

Classifications of Neoplasms:

neural

A

Benign- neuroma

Malignant- blastoma

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23
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

oral cavity

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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24
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

pharynx

A

squamous cell carcinoma

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25
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

lung

A

squamous cell carcinoma

adenocarcinoma ***

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26
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

breast

A

Infiltrating ductal carcinoma

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27
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

colon and rectum

A

adenocarcinoma

28
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

anus

A

squamous cell carcinoma

29
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

cervix

A

squamous cell carcinoma

30
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

endometrium

A

adenocarcinoma

31
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

prostate

A

adenocarcinoma

32
Q

Histologies assoc. w/ common anatomical cancer sites:

brain

A

astrocytoma

33
Q

Three Levels of cancer prevention

A
  1. Primary
  2. Secondary
  3. Tertiary
34
Q

Measures taken early to prevent cancer from taking place

ex) change in lifestyle

A

primary

35
Q

specific populations
refers to testing and identifying
more susceptible
ex) screenings- should be sensitive and specific when and when not present

A

secondary

36
Q

refers to the prevention of the disease

A

tertiary

37
Q

dietary recommendations to reduce cancer risks

A
  1. avoid overeating, maintain ideal body weight
  2. reduce fat intake
  3. fruits and veggies that provide fiber
  4. minimize intake of salt cured, smoked, and nitrate cured (stomach and esophageal)
  5. limit consumption of alcohol (oral cavity cancer)
38
Q

number of new cases

A

incidence rate

39
Q

number of deaths

A

mortality rate

40
Q

proportion of patience alive at some point after their diagnosis

A

survival rate

41
Q

measures proportion of the population who have cancer at a specified point or during an interval of time

A

prevalence

42
Q

Include fatality rates only for those who have the disease

A

case- fatality rate

43
Q

What are the most common cancers in males?

A
  1. Prostate 20%
  2. Lung
  3. Colon and rectum
44
Q

What is the most common type of cancer?

A

skin cancer

45
Q

Incidence rates of cancer in men

A
  1. Black
  2. White
  3. American indians/ native americans have lowest
46
Q

Most common cancers in females?

A
  1. breast 30%
  2. lung and bronchus
  3. colon and rectum
47
Q

Incidence rates of cancer in women

A
  1. white
  2. blacks
  3. hispanics
  4. asian/ specific islander
  5. american indian/ native american have lowest
48
Q

Tests for colorectal screenings

A
  1. FOBT- annually
  2. Flexible sigmoidoscopy- 5 years
  3. Double Contrast BE- 5 years
  4. Colonoscopy- 10 years
  5. Combo of FOBT and flex sig- 5 years ***
49
Q

Breast Cancer screening

A
  1. Breast self exam @ 20, 5-7 after cycle
  2. Clinical breast exam
  3. mommograpy @ 40
50
Q

Components of a BSE

A
  1. visual exam in mirror
  2. palpation in the shower
  3. palpation in the supine position on the bed
51
Q

Serum Tumor Markers

A

increased because of cancer

evaluated by blood

52
Q

Serum Tumor Markers- examples:

Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)

A

hepatocellular carcinoma, choriocarcinoma, teritoma, embryonal cells

53
Q 
Serum Tumor Markers- examples:
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
A

colon, rectum, pancreas, stomach, lung, breast, ovary

54
Q

Serum Tumor Markers- examples:

CA-125

A

epithelial, ovarian, breast, colorectal

55
Q

Serum Tumor Markers- examples:

CA-15-3

A

breast

56
Q

Serum Tumor Markers- examples:

CA-19-9

A

colorectal, pancreas, stomach, liver

57
Q

Serum Tumor Markers- examples:

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

choriocarcinoma, germ cell tumor, testicular, types of cysts

58
Q

Serum Tumor Markers- examples:

Prostate- specific antigen (PSA)

A

Prostate

59
Q

General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:

local spread

A

Benign- expanding, pushing

Malignant- infiltrative and invasive

60
Q

General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:

distant spread

A

Benign- rare

Malignant- metastasize early or late by lymphatics, blood, or seeding

61
Q

General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:

differentiation

A

Benign- well differentiated

Malignant- well differentiated to undifferentiated

62
Q

General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:

mitotic activity

A

Benign- normal

Malignant- normal to increased mitotic rate

63
Q

General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:

morphology

A

Benign- normal

Malignant- normal to pleomorphic

64
Q

General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:

effect on host

A

Benign- little (depending on treatment and location of tumor)
Malignant- life threatening

65
Q

General Characteristics of Benign and Malignant Disease:

doubling time

A

Benign- normal

Malignant- normal to accelerated

Rad 390 (8 decks)

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