primary function of lymphatic system
control concentration of protein in interstitial fluid
what artery sits on the boundary between the cortex and medulla of the kidney
arcuate artery
function of sweat glands
regulate body temp
greatest percentage of co2 is transported as what in blood
bicarbonate
control systems function to minimize changes in the __ to maintain homeostasis
internal environment
what initiates coagulation cascade
thromboplastin
what causes fluid to flow through the capillary pores into the bowmans capsule
hydrostatic pressure gradient in glomerular cavity
lymphatic tissue is predominatly found where
skin and gut
what is a anticoagulant produced in the liver
heparin
what electrolyte is lost in hyperhydrosis
sodium
edema is caused by what
increased venous pressure
why is formation of ammonia in the renal tubules important
conserves the bodies fixed alkalitity
what are a few anticoagulants
heparin
antithrombin
dicourmoral
what is not considered an anticoagulant
accelerator globulin
functional unit of the kidney
nephron
parent cell of thrombocyte
megakaryocyte
dehydration causes a increase in what secretion
ADH
normal specific gravity of urine
1.005 - 1.025
what is the end product of protein metabolism present in the urine
uric acid
where is there a brush border in the kidney
PCT
total volume of water in the body may be increased via what method
increasing electrolyte retention
glucose will be secreted in the urine when the blood glucose is over ___
180 ml/dl
extracellular edema is caused by what
lymphatic obstruction
or
increased capillary pressure / permeability
protoplasmic streaming is another word for
amoeboid motion
why is the urine protein free
protein does not pass through the glomerulus walls
what WBC is normally most numerous
neutrophil
what makes heparin an anticoagulant
blocks prothrombin to thrombin conversion
what does bradykinin do
increase vascular permeability
increase pain levels
increasae vasodilation
NOT increase prothrombin secretion
glomerular filtration is decreased by what condition
increased plasma protein concentration
sodium citrate does what to blood when added
prevents blood clotting by
binding with calcium ions in the blood
what determines amount of blood in the liver
hepatic venous pressure
ADH helps conserve total body water by incorporating water channels in what part of the kidney
collecting ducts
protein osmotic pressure of blood depends on what
albumin
fluid movement across semipermeable membrane toward an area of higher concentration of a non diffusable substance is called
osmosis
capillary walls are impermeable to what
proteins
what is diluting segment of kidney
ascending loop
what is secreted by cells of DCT
potassium
what will not cause edema
high protein in the blood
what is average water loss per day by urination
1500 cc
what is regulated by the kidney
total blood volume
tubular filtrate has greatest osmolarity on which side
at the tip of the loop of henle
what increases sodium resorption in collecting ducts
increased aldosteone
what step in clotting cascade is promoted by vitamin K
prothrombin formation by the liver
RBCs enter circulation in which form
reticulocyte
what organ or tissue is responsible for regulation of osmotic pressure in body fluids
kidney
what accelerates clotting
what does not
thromboplastin, thrombin, and heat
not - decalcifying agents
which substance has the greatest renal clearance
urea
which is most apt to produce the lowest renal filtration fraction for glucose
hypoglycemia
what does not involve the movement of water across a membrane
active transport
never moves water across membrane
what is the major buffer of the blood
sodium bicarbonate
what is the main organic component of urine
urea
what helps play role in the acid base balance
lungs
kidney
adrenal glands
NOT - liver
what does not play a factor in cell permeability
size of cell or surface area of membranes
what electrolytes is more abundant intracellular than extra
potassium
what do diuretics act on
act on DCT
water returns to of circulation from interstitial fluid via what method
osmotic pressure pushes water through fenestration of the venous capillary beds
what regulates rate of GFR
glomerular capillary pressure
proteins are absorbed from the lumen of small intestine as
amino acids
pernicious anemia may result from damage to what
gastric mucosa
calcium absorption on GI is increased by what vitamin
vitamin D
cholesterol is eliminated from the body how
feces
amino acid absorption in the jejunum occurs how
cotransport with glucose
pepsin and trypsin are
proteolytic enzymes
how are proteins absorbed from the intestinal lumen into the body
proteins are not absorbed by intestines
amino acids are tho
describe sodium taurchlorate
it is a bile salt
what is the inactive form of salivary amylase that is store in the gland cells
ptyalinogen
what increases gastric mobility
gastrin
presence of fat in the small intestine stimulates release of what
esterogastrone which
inhibits gastric motility and secretion
bacterial action in the intestines leads to formation of what
vitamin k
vitamin b6
riboflavin
NOT - carotene
proteolytic enzyme most important in digestion of collagen
pepsin
ph of gastric juices during digestion
normally
- 5 - during digestion
1. 5-3.5
what is the source of bile
breakdown of RBC
what is primary activator of zymogen secretion
ACH
iron absorption is enhanced when
body converts ferrous iron to ferric iron
site of fat digestion
duodenum
what occurs during intestinal phase of gastric function
gastric emptying is inhibited
color of feces results from what
derivative of bilirubin
diasacharride hydrolysis occurs due to action of what enzymes
enzymes in brush border of small intestine
what is most potent stimulus of secretin
low ph
where are chylomicrons produced in the GI tract
enterocytes