Cell And General Physiology Flashcards
Are polar molecules lipophilic or phobic, hydrophilic or phobic; give an example?
Polar molecules are lipophobic and hydrophilic; examples are glucose and water
Are non-polar molecules lipophilic or phobic, hydrophilic or phobic; give an example?
Nonpolar molecules are lipophilic and hydrophobic; examples are isoflurane and oxygen
Large water soluble (hydrophilic or hydrophobic?) molecules and __________ (like Na+, K+, Cl-) are _______ (most or least) likely to penetrate lipid bilayers.
Large water soluble (hydrophilic, lipophobic) molecules and ions (like Na+, K+, Cl-) are least likely to penetrate lipid bilayers.
They must use channels to enter and exit cells and cross the blood brain and placental barriers.
Name examples of hydrophobic molecules that readily cross the lipid bilayers.
O2, N2, benzene
Name some small uncharged polar molecules that readily cross the lipid bilayers.
H20, urea, glycerol, CO2
Name some large uncharged polar molecules the Do Not readily cross the lipid bilayers.
Glucose, sucrose
Name some examples of ions that Do Not readily cross the lipid bilayers.
H+, Na+, HCO3-, K+, Ca+, Cl-, Mg+
Proteins are reabsorbed from the proximal tubule of the kidney by ___________ (pinocytosis or phagocytosis).
Pinocytosis (cell drinking); but both of the processes are a form of endocytosis.
Macrophages engulf bacteria by the process of ______. (Phagocytosis, exocytosis, pinocytosis)
Phagocytosis
Neurotransmitters are released from nerve terminals by the process of _________.
Exocytosis
Name some examples of ligands that attach to receptors and what happens in this process.
Chemicals, drugs, Neurotransmitters, and hormones are all ligands.
The specific channel typically opens and substances specific to the channel diffuse down their concentration gradients through it.
At the neuromuscular junction, acetylcholine binds to the nicotinic receptor and the channel opens to sodium ions (which diffuse in), potassium ions (which diffuse out), and calcium ions (which diffuse in). Which is the ligand in this scenario? What type of channel is this?
Acetylcholine; ligand gated channel
Explain what happens with an enzyme-linked receptor.
A ligand on the outside of the cell binds to its receptor and activates an enzyme on the cytoplasmic surface (inside the cell) of the membrane .
Explain first and second messengers involved in enzyme-linked channels.
The ligand that binds to the extra cellular wall is the first messenger and the enzyme released inside the cell acts as the second messenger.
Exception to this is the skeletal neuromuscular junction where acetylcholinesterase projects outward into the synaptic cleft so it can metabolize acetylcholine.
What are the best known proteins for relaying messages from receptors to enzymes?
G-proteins…. Either stimulatory g-proteins (Gs) or inhibitory (Gi)
When a beta agonist binds to its receptor, explain the role of cAMP.
Ligand binds to receptor and G protein, either Gs or Gi, relays a response to the enzyme (adenylate cyclase)… When the enzyme is stimulated by Gs, cAMP (the second messenger) is formed inside the cell, which then triggers an intracellular event.
Example: In cardiac muscle cAMP increase cardiac contractility and in bronchial smooth muscle it relaxes bronchial smooth muscle cells.
The adenylate cyclase enzyme (cAMP) is inhibited by Gi, which would stop the cell process. Beta adrenergic receptors operate Gs, while some muscarinic receptors operate Gi.
What are the 3 subunits of Gs and Gi?
Gamma, beta, alpha
What is the primary role of G-proteins?
To relay or shuttle messages or signals from receptors to enzymes.
Name some common second messengers.
Cyclic adenosine mono phosphate (cAMP), cyclic guanosine mono phosphate (cGMP), calcium, calmodulin, inositol triphosphate (IP3)
Second messenger action is tissue specific. What is an example of this concept as it relates to the heart and lungs?
Increased cAMP in heart increases Ca causing increased contractility…. In the lungs, increased cAMP causes decreased Ca concentration leading to smooth muscle relaxation.
B1 versus B2 stimulation… Both involve Gs and adenylate cyclase.
What cells involve the Na-K pump?
The sodium potassium pump is found in all cells
What is the function of the sodium potassium pump?
Keep intracellular K high and intracellular Na low. Uses energy derived from the breakdown of ATP to move 3 Na ions out in exchange for 2 K ions.
Why is insulin an effective agent in treating hyperkalemia?
Insulin stimulates the Na-K pump… Driving K into cells (3 Na out, 2 K in). Insulin opens glucose channels, which permits the transfer of glucose into fat and skeletal muscle cells.
What is the purpose of the glucose component of the glucose-insulin therapy for hyperkalemia?
Prevents hypoglycemia. Insulin stimulates Na-K pump but also opens glucose channels, permitting transfer of glucose into fat and skeletal muscle cells.
Why do beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonists (like ritodrine and terbutaline) promote hypokalemia?
They stimulate the Na-K pump…. Driving K into cells
Define competitive antagonism.
When an antagonist (key) plugs the target receptor (lock), but instead of activating (unlocking) it… It blocks true agonists from binding…. And in return nothing happens.
When the wrong key is in the lock, the correct key cannot be inserted.
What is the difference in extra cellular and intracellular concentrations of common ions?
Extra cellular pertains to serum concentration (our lab values); intracellular pertains to cytoplasmic (indirectly considered based on plasma levels and assumed gradients)
