diseases of faulty cell membranes
cystic fibrosis, duchenne muscular dystrohohy, spherocytosis
make up the bulk of membrane lipid
phospholipid, sterol
purpose of cholesterol in membrane
stiffens membrance, reduces permeability, resists phase change
purpose of glycoplipids
protection, cell id, cell adhesion
flips phospholipids randomly in ER
scramblase
flips phospholipid specifically
Flippase
maintains a neg charge inside and flips to outside to signal apoptosis
phosphatidyl serine
lipids and proteins in domains with longer tails, involved in signaling
lipid rafts
membrane proteins that are transmembrane
alpha helices and beta barrels
membrane proteins associated with sugar groups
glycocalyx
signal for ER association
ER signal sequence
recognizes the ER signal sequence
signal recognizing protein
translocater
allows protein to be synthesized into the membrane
orientation of this determines whether the protein is single or multi pass
start/stop sequences
glycosylation links one of these places
N (asparagine) or O-linked (attach at serine or threonine)
heavily glycosylated proteins
proteoglycans
where O linked glycosylation occurs
Golgi or extracellualr matrix
function of glycosylation of protein
protein folding, sorting & transport, protection, cell signal
fate of misfolded proteins
ubiquinated
these destroy misfolded proteins
proteosomes
location of phospholipid and cholesterial synthesis
Endoplasmic Reticulum
regulate ER
Ca++
location of detoxification by whom
Smooth ER by cytochrome p450 enzymes
mitochondria reproduce via this method
fission and fusion
mitochondria membrane contains a lot of this
cardiolipin
how motichondrial genes get into the mito
signal sequence routes them
function of peroxisomes
produce and remove peroxides, detox, beta oxidation of fa
acts as protection of chromatin
nucleur envelope
membrane of these 2 organelles are continous
ER and membrane
provides attacehment sites for specific spots on chromosomes
nuclear matrix
MAR and SAR
matrix or scaffold attachment regions
involves rRNA, and ribosomal proteins
nucleolus
clusters of rRNA genes
nucleolar organizing regions
nuclear pores allow molecules this size through
<5000 Daltons
nuclear proteins are synthesized here
cytoplasm, transport back to nucleus
nuclear localization signals are rich in this amino acid
lysine
transport nuclear proteins
Ran - a G-protein
add sugar one at a time
glycosyl transferase
chain of repeating disaccharide
GAG (glycosaminoglycan)
defective chloride transporters
cystic fibrosis
series of flattened cisternae along w/membranous tabules
Golgi
golgi cis face
receives product form the ER
golgi trans face
releases packaged protein and lipid from this side
mebrane trafficking occurs here
ER, Golgi, lysosome and plasma membrane
functin of Golgi
receive products from ER, return proteins to ER, modify glycoproteins, sulfation , glycolipid and sphingomyelin production
COPI
Golgi β> ER
COPII
ERβ> Golgi
membrane proteins that bind together
SNARES (v & t)
tethering proteins
Rabs
uncoated plasma membrane
caveolin
membrane enclosed compartments filled with hydrolytic enzymes
lysosomes
engulfement of large particules into large endosome
phagocytosis
coated endocytotic vesicles
clathrin
2 chains of clathrin
light and heavy chain
assembly of clathrin into a basket shape
triskelion
transporter of the outer mitochondrial membrane
TOM
transporter of the inner mitochondrial membrane
TIM
transports proteins synthesized in the matrix outward.
OXA
lipids removed from the ER put into mitochondria
mitochondrial biogenesis
matrix
scaffolding made up of lamins and proteins
nuclear pore complexes
transport small molecules
Ran-GFF
exchange factor
Ran GAP
activation protein
fucntion of microfilaments
support/organize plasma membrane, cell shape, cell division,
example of microfilament
actin
function of microtubules
organize cytoplasm, intracellular transport, cell division, cilia/flagellae motility
Intermediate filaments function
strengthen cytoplasm, support nucleus, epidermal appendages
example of microtubules
tubulin
tubulin types
alpha, beta and gamma
of intermediate filament proteins
over 50
what regulates polymerization
phosphorylation
growing filaments use this
GTP
shrinking filament have this
GDP
these proteins arrest elongation of actin
capping
matrix bottom to top
collagen, laminin, integrin, plectin, keratin