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Histology and Embryology > Cell Lecture > Flashcards

Cell Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is the level organization of muscle?

A

Muscle -> Fasciulus (dissect) -> fiber (LM) -> myofibril -> myofilaments (EM) -> Act/Myosin

Fas->Fib-> M. Fib -> M. Fil

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2
Q

What is resolution of unaided eye? Light microscope?

A

eye- 0.2 mm
LM- 0.2 um

LM 1000x better

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3
Q

What kind of reaction occurs during staining w/ sudan black?

A

Periodic Acid Schiff Reaction

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4
Q

With what microscope can we see organelles?

A

TEM (transmission electron microscope)

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5
Q

What are dark areas called on a TEM? Light areas?

A

Dark - electron dense

Light- electron lucent

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6
Q

What size is the nucleus and what does it house?

A

5-10 um, houses the genome

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7
Q

What separates the inner and outer nuclear envelope?

A

Perinuclear cisterna

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8
Q

Between heterochromatin and euchromatin, what is active? What occurs in this area?

A

Heterochromatin is very dark, not active

Euchromatin is very active -> gene transcription, TRANSCRIPTIONALLY ACTIVE (

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9
Q

What does the outer layer of the nuclear envelope contain? What does the inner nuclear envelop contain?

A

Outer- ribosomes

Inner- Lamins (IM filaments) for chromosomes attach

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10
Q

How much DNA is in the nucleus? How does it fit?

A

5 cm/chromosomes in the 5-10 um nucleus

Beads on a string/coil

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11
Q

What share is nucleolus? What -philic is it (and the acidity)? What two things does it contain?

A

Spherical
Basophilic (so is acidic bc of nucleic acid)
contains rRNA + protein

RNA POLYMERASE and rDNA

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12
Q

What size molecules must be transported across active process w/ energy?

A

9 nm

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13
Q

How do macromolecules transport across NPC?

A

Large aqueous pore thru protein transportes in the the lipid bilayer

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14
Q

What are the steps for cargo proteins

A
  • Nuclear signal on protein recognized by import receptor
  • NIR binds to NLS and to fibrils of NPC
  • NIR dissociantes from cargo and returns to cytosol
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15
Q

What is a cisternae?

A

A fluid containing sac or cavity

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16
Q

What is lamellar?

A

Sheets stacked w/ fluid or matrix in between

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17
Q

What does mitochondria stain with?

A

Acidophilic dye (means basic structure)

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18
Q

Where are mitochondria located? What do they create?

A

Located where energy requirement is high

Transforms chemical energy to high energy phosphate in ATP

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19
Q

What does mitochondria store? What two important details does mitochondria have?

A

Stores calcium (along w/ endoplasmic reticulum)

Mitochondria have ribosomes + OWN DNA to make own proteins

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20
Q

What processes occur w/i mitochondria?

A
  • chem energy to high energy phosphate ATP
  • Beta oxidation of LCFA (in matrix)
  • ETC (fat/sugars are intermediates)

STEROID HORMONE SYNTHESIS

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21
Q

What is found in inner mitochondrial membrane? What processes?

A

Cytochromes
Dehydrogenases
Flavoproteins

IMPERMEABLE TO MOST
cofactors for electron transport chain
SIDE CHAIN CLEAVE

Apoptosis/detox/metabolism/heme

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22
Q

How do mitochondria participate in steroid hormone synthesis?

A

-side chain on cholesterol removed “side chain cleavage”

Enzyme “desmolase” CYP11A1/P450 11A1 to create
PREGNENOLONE (preursor to C18,C19, 21) progesterone/aldosterone/testosterone

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23
Q

What does the outer mitochondrial membrane do?

A

Permeable to most, w/ import site, cristas

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24
Q

What is the RER continuous with?

A

The outer nuclear envelope AND the SER

*continuous membrane

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25
Q

What does RER stain with? Where is it found?

A

stains basophilic (means acidic)

Found in protein secreting cells (plasma cells make antibodies)

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26
Q

What are polyribosomes associated with?

A

mRNA and found in cytosol or RER membranes

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27
Q

What do polysomes sythesize?

A

Proteins that remain w/i cytoplasm

28
Q

When do cells become polarized?

A

Faciliate job protein (Golgi complex)

29
Q

What is the process rom RER after a meal?

A

RER -> Golgi -> secretory granules at APEX of cell until needed after meal -> released from cell

30
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Uptake/release of calcium

SYNTHESIS OF STEROID

Break down of glycogen, form lipoproteins + bile, detox

LIVER!!

31
Q

What is the obligate intermediate to all steroid hormones? Whats the transformation?

A

Cholesterol (SCC in mitochondria w/ desmolase) -> pregnenolone -> SER progesterone ->Testosterone

32
Q

All cisternal are not identical. How do proteins/lipids enter and leave golgi?

A

Enter Cis (Osmium reduction) exit TGN (trans golgi network) w/ acid phosphatase

33
Q

How do mitochondria divide vs golgi?

A 
Mitochondria = fission
Golgi= fall apart and reorganize
34
Q

What happens to folded proteins from RER?

A

Folded move via vesicles to Golgi -> glycosylation, sulfating from cis to trans w/ secretory granules

35
Q

What are post-translation modifications of proteins?

A

Carbs, add sugar + sulfate + phosphate

Condense, synthesis of lipoproteins, acid hydrolyses, acrosomess in sperm, sorting

DISTINCT COMPARTMENTS

36
Q

What are constitutive secretory pathways?

A

Unregulated discharge from cells

37
Q

What are regulated secretory pathways?

A

Discharge from cytoplasmic granules in response to appropriate stiuli

38
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • Hydrolytic enzymes
  • acidic (pH 4.5-5.5)
  • electon dense heterogenous content
  • digest ingested materials or aged/damaged organelles
39
Q

How are hydrolytic enzymes formed?

A

RER w/ terminal mannose-6-phosphate to be packaged in lysosomes

packed at TRANS -> buds from new vesicles (small, homogenous e- dense)
-Primary lysosomes (early ones) fuse w/ phagocytic or other vesicles for endosomes/secondary lysosomes

ACT AT LOW PH w/ protein pump to maintain acidity

40
Q

What is Gaucher’s disease?

A

Deficient breakdown of sphingolipids (defective glucocerebrosidase -> spleen CNS)

Type 1- no neuro, late childhood/early adolescence for bone, liver, spleen, lungs

Type 2- occurs early (2,3 months) neuro symptoms -> death by 2

Type 3- ADULT - heptosplenomegaly w/ neuro -> death by 40

41
Q

What is Niemann-Pick disease?

A

Defective Sphingomylinase (accumulation of sphingomyelin and cholesterol in spleen + CNS)

Cholesterol accumulation

42
Q

What is Tay-Sachs?

A

Deficiency of B-N-acetylhexosamindase -> gangliosides in CNS

Dementia, blindness, death after 3 years

GM2 gangliosides w/ increased brain weight due to gloss

43
Q

How are lysosomal storage disorders detected?

A

Enzymatic activity of leukocytes + fibroblast

44
Q

What is macroautophagy?

A

Degradation of cytoplasmic components of cell in autophagosome that fuses to form hybrid autolysome

45
Q

Are all lyosomeal diseases storage disorders?

A

No, some are defective lysosomal enzyme carriers rather than storage material itself for cellular pathologies in LSDs

46
Q

What enzyme is released by osteoclasts?

A

Cahtepsin K created by H+ ATPase pump w/i lacna

47
Q

What do CD8+ cytolytic T cells and NKC secrete?

A

Perforin (pore forming)

48
Q

What do melanocytes have to produce pigmentation?

A

Melanosomes

49
Q

What are diseases for defects in pigmentation?

A

Chediak-Hiagashi snydrome + Griscelli Syndrome 1

50
Q

How do proteasome deal with proteins?

A

Individual molecules w/ ubiquitin molecules to break down to peptides

NO STRUCTURE, NOT AN ORGANELLE, it is a GROUP of proteins that have a function

51
Q

How do lysosomes deal w/ proteins?

A

bulk material, ingests and degrades

52
Q

What do peroxisomes contain?

A

ox enzymes + catalase

53
Q

What re are the functions of peroxisomes?

A
  • lipid metabolism (beta ox of LCFA - like mitochondria)
  • synthesize cholesterol

Degrade H2O2 (product of ox. reactions)

54
Q

What is a disease associated with peroxisomes and VLCFAS? What symptoms?

A

Zellweger’s Syndrome

breakdown of myelin, accumulation of toxic substances (iron, copper)

CEREBROHEPATORENAL SYNDROME DUE TO ABSENCE OF PEROXISOMAL ENZYMES

55
Q

What is significant about cytoskeleton?

A

Unique to eukaryotic cells

Microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments

Polymers of subunits, comprising cytoskeleton

56
Q

What enzymes break down glycogen? Where is it found?

A

SER breaks down

Found in liver

57
Q

What is lipofusion?

A

Yellow-brown pigment that accumulates w/ cells

58
Q

Do lipid droplets have a membrane? What are they used for?

A

No membrane,

used for energy for lipids in steroid hormone synthesis

59
Q

How do phospholipids form a bilayer in water?

A

Spontaneously, no energy required

60
Q

What are the components of plasma membrane?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins + carbs

61
Q

What can enter plasma membrane? What cannot enter?

A

CAN- (CO2, O2), hydrophobic benzene, small polar water

CANNOT- large polar molecule glucose, charged molecules (Cl, Na)

62
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Small invaginations for EC fluid -> fuse w/ lysosomes to surface of skeletal muscles where they fuse with cell membrane

63
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Ligand binds to cell membrane (pits), pinch off and carry into cell , coated in CLATHRIN to fuse w/ endoscopes in cytosol, containing ATP DRIVEN PUMPS to acidify interior

64
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating, binds to macrophage, enclosed in phagosome

65
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Membrane limited structure fuse to plasma membrane, resulting in the release of EC space -> highly negative repeal so mediated by calcium

66
Q

What is the fuzz on cell surface?

A

Microvilli w/ glycocalx (sugar coat surrounding the entire cell for food)

Histology and Embryology (5 decks)

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