Cell Pathology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 8 causes of cell injury?

A
  1. Oxygen Deprivation
  2. Chemical Agents
  3. Infectious Agents
  4. Physical Agents (trauma)
  5. Genetic defects
  6. Nutritional imbalances
  7. Immunological reactions
  8. Aging
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2
Q

What could oxygen deprivation in a major part of the body(e.g. coronary arteries) lead to?

A

Myocardial infarction

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3
Q

What does the cellular response to injury depend on?

A
  1. Type of injury
  2. Severity of injury
  3. Duration of injury
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4
Q

What do the consequences of cell injury depend on?

A
  1. Type of cell
  2. The cell’s status
    (3. Ability to adapt
  3. Genetic makeup)
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5
Q

What is the sequence of cell death?

A
  1. Cell function ceases
  2. Cell death occurs
  3. Morphological changes seen
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6
Q

What are the 4 vulnerable intracellular systems?

A
  1. Cell membrane integrity
  2. ATP production
  3. Protein synthesis
  4. Integrity of genetic apparatus
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7
Q

What is atrophy?

A
  1. Shrinkage in cell size

2. by loss of cell substance

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8
Q

Give 2 examples of atrophy

A
  1. Dementia

2. Pernicious anaemia

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9
Q

Define hypertrophy.

A
  1. Increase in size of cells
  2. Consequently increase in size of organ
  3. Can be physiological or pathological
  4. Caused by increased functional demand or hormone stimulation
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10
Q

Give an example of hypertrophy.

A

Physiological hypertrophy (e.g. uterus or when muscle builds)

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11
Q

Define hyperplasia.

A
  1. Increase in number of cells
  2. Can be physiological or pathological
  3. Physiological hyperplasia can be hormonal or compensatory
  4. Pathological Hyperplasia is usually due to excess hormonal/growth factor stimulation.
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12
Q

Give an example of hyperplasia.

A

Proliferating endometrium (menstrual cycle - pays) or carcinoma (path).

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13
Q

Define metaplasia.

A
  1. Reversible change when one adult cell type is replaced by another.
  2. Can be physiological process or pathological.
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14
Q

Give examples of metaplasia.

A

Physiological - cervix (puberty when cells change)

Barrett’s Oesophagus - acid reflux causes cells in oesophagus to change from squamous to columnar.

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15
Q

Define dysplasia.

A
  1. Precancerous cells
  2. Show the genetic and cytological features of malignancy
  3. NOT invading underlying tissue
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16
Q

Give an example of dysplasia

A

Retinal dysplasia - abnormal formation of retina in embryo

Barretts Oesophagus - sometimes dysplasia occurs instead of metaplasia.

17
Q

What are the light microscopic changes visible that are associated with reversible injury?

A
  1. Fatty changes (e.g. alcoholic fatty changes in liver)

2. Cellular swelling

18
Q

What are the light microscopic changes associated with irreversible injuries?

A
  1. Coagulative necrosis
  2. Liquefactive necrosis
  3. Caseous necrosis
  4. Fat necrosis
19
Q

What is coagulative necrosis?

A

When cells die, but are still recognisable as cells (e.g. MI)

20
Q

What is liquefactive necrosis?

A

When cells die and become liquid (e.g. brain)

21
Q

What is caseous necrosis?

A

Cells look “cheesy”

Dead tissues become granules, unrecognisable as cells (e.g. TB - almost exclusively)

22
Q

What is fat necrosis?

A
  1. Enzymes become free
  2. Fatty autodigestion
  3. Fatty acids produced
  4. Release of Ca ions causes fat deposition.

(e.g. Acute pancreatitis).

23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  1. Programmed cell death, requires energy
  2. No inflammatory response
  3. No secondary damage to surrounding tissue
24
Q

What is necrosis?

A
  1. When lots of cells die together.
  2. Uncontrolled and unexpected
  3. Inflammatory response occurs, meaning surrounding tissues are damaged.
25
Q

What are the 3 nuclear changes associated with irreversible cell injury?

A
  1. Karyolysis (nucleus lysed)
  2. Pyknosis (nucleus shrunk)
  3. Karyorrhexis (nucleus fragmented)
26
Q

Why is there an inflammation response in necrosis?

A
  1. Cell membrane integrity is lost.
  2. Cell contents released to surrounding tissues.
  3. Cell contents detected by immune system
  4. Causes inflammatory response mediated by T cells.
27
Q

What are the causes of apoptosis?

A
  1. Embryogenesis
  2. Deletion of auto-reactive T cells in Thymus
  3. Hormone dependent physiological involution (shrinkage of an organ when inactive/old - e.g. uterus)
  4. Cell deletion
  5. Irreparable DNA damage can trigger apoptosis
28
Q

What is the hallmark of apoptotic cells?

A

Pyknotic nuclei (shrunk nuclei).

29
Q

What happens to apoptosed cells?

A

They are phagocytksed and disposed of by macrophages.

30
Q

What 3 things is necrosis more than apoptosis?

A
  1. More toxic
  2. More severe
  3. Longer
31
Q

How can cancer occur?

A

When cancerous cells are not apoptosed.

32
Q

3 differences between necrosis and apoptosis.

A
  1. Necrosis is not dependent on energy, whereas apoptosis is an active energy dependent process.
  2. Apoptosis may be physiological.
  3. Apoptosis is not associated with inflammation.
33
Q

What is another type of programmed cell death?

A

Necroptosis.

34
Q

What is necroptosis?

A
  1. Programmed cell death associated with inflammation.

2. Has many causes (e.g. viral infections).

35
Q

What is lethal cell injury?

A

Produces cell death

36
Q

What is sublethal cell injury?

A

Produces injury not amounting to cell death.

May be reversible.

May progress to cell death.