Cell Pathology 1 Flashcards
What are the 8 causes of cell injury?
- Oxygen Deprivation
- Chemical Agents
- Infectious Agents
- Physical Agents (trauma)
- Genetic defects
- Nutritional imbalances
- Immunological reactions
- Aging
What could oxygen deprivation in a major part of the body(e.g. coronary arteries) lead to?
Myocardial infarction
What does the cellular response to injury depend on?
- Type of injury
- Severity of injury
- Duration of injury
What do the consequences of cell injury depend on?
- Type of cell
- The cell’s status
(3. Ability to adapt - Genetic makeup)
What is the sequence of cell death?
- Cell function ceases
- Cell death occurs
- Morphological changes seen
What are the 4 vulnerable intracellular systems?
- Cell membrane integrity
- ATP production
- Protein synthesis
- Integrity of genetic apparatus
What is atrophy?
- Shrinkage in cell size
2. by loss of cell substance
Give 2 examples of atrophy
- Dementia
2. Pernicious anaemia
Define hypertrophy.
- Increase in size of cells
- Consequently increase in size of organ
- Can be physiological or pathological
- Caused by increased functional demand or hormone stimulation
Give an example of hypertrophy.
Physiological hypertrophy (e.g. uterus or when muscle builds)
Define hyperplasia.
- Increase in number of cells
- Can be physiological or pathological
- Physiological hyperplasia can be hormonal or compensatory
- Pathological Hyperplasia is usually due to excess hormonal/growth factor stimulation.
Give an example of hyperplasia.
Proliferating endometrium (menstrual cycle - pays) or carcinoma (path).
Define metaplasia.
- Reversible change when one adult cell type is replaced by another.
- Can be physiological process or pathological.
Give examples of metaplasia.
Physiological - cervix (puberty when cells change)
Barrett’s Oesophagus - acid reflux causes cells in oesophagus to change from squamous to columnar.
Define dysplasia.
- Precancerous cells
- Show the genetic and cytological features of malignancy
- NOT invading underlying tissue